Preventive Medicine Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the focus of primordial prevention?

  • Rehabilitating patients with established diseases.
  • Halting disease progress at an early stage.
  • Preventing disease in populations where risk factors are already present.
  • Identifying and intervening before the emergence of risk factors. (correct)

    • Which stage of prevention focuses on actions taken prior to the onset of disease?

  • Primary prevention (correct)
  • Secondary prevention
  • Quaternary prevention
  • Tertiary prevention

    • What is the primary focus of preventive medicine?

  • Increasing hospital admissions
  • Treating existing health conditions
  • Providing specialized surgeries
  • Promoting preventive health care (correct)

    • What type of intervention is primarily involved in secondary prevention?

    <p>Screening for early detection of diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following demographic factors may favor the spread of infectious disease?

    <p>Increased global travel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which health care level is the first point of contact for individuals?

    <p>Primary health care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of specialist is an oncologist?

    <p>A cancer treatment expert</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one drawback of secondary prevention?

    <p>It incurs costs associated with preventive screenings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach is NOT considered part of primary prevention?

    <p>Regular exams to detect existing diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of tertiary health care?

    <p>It involves super-specialist care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of understanding the relationship between the environment and health?

    <p>To prevent health-related problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of tertiary prevention?

    <p>Limit disability and minimize suffering from existing conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically provided by primary health care?

    <p>Super-specialized surgeries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a high-risk strategy in primary prevention?

    <p>Targeting individuals who exhibit multiple risk factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes secondary health care?

    <p>It involves more complex and curative services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure is typically performed at a tertiary care center?

    <p>Trauma surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary focus of preventive medicine professionals?

    <p>Preventing problems from occurring through various programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a notable public health achievement in the 20th century?

    <p>Introduction of family planning programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is a key component of epidemiology in preventive medicine?

    <p>Surveillance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which screening is NOT typically classified as preventive care?

    <p>Emergency room treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What accounts for the majority of the increase in life expectancy in the United States since 1900?

    <p>Public health initiatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a new challenge that public health faces today?

    <p>Obesity and diabetes epidemics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one example of an environmental condition that favors the spread of infectious diseases?

    <p>Globalization of the food supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are proteins primarily composed of?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of proteins in the body?

    <p>Forming collagen and repairing tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main roles of clinical professionals as contrasted with preventive medicine professionals?

    <p>Treating individuals after they become sick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is a result of protein deficiency?

    <p>Kwashiorkor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the roles of fats in the body?

    <p>Providing energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the composition of fats?

    <p>Hydrophobic hydrocarbon molecules consisting of fatty acids and glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a source of animal fats?

    <p>Groundnut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the daily protein requirement for an average adult?

    <p>75 gm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fats are specifically noted for being essential for growth?

    <p>Essential fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which minerals are categorized as major elements required in the human body?

    <p>Calcium, phosphate, sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of low birth weight in infants?

    <p>Maternal malnutrition and anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical form of Protein Energy Malnutrition characterized by swollen stomachs?

    <p>Kwashiorkor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food is primarily rich in iron and enhances absorption from plant sources?

    <p>Red meat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is classified as a trace element required in very small amounts?

    <p>Zinc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is specifically described as a type of nutritional anemia caused by a lack of iron?

    <p>Iron Deficiency Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nutritional issue is characterized by inadequate food intake and is recognized through conditions like diarrhea and respiratory infections?

    <p>Protein Energy Malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can inhibit iron absorption when consumed with meals?

    <p>Tea and coffee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of appropriate technology in healthcare?

    <p>Technology that people can use and afford</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the community participation elements outlined for health improvement?

    <p>Government intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which WHO strategy focuses on ensuring access to health services for the most disadvantaged populations?

    <p>Reducing excess mortality of poor marginalized populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key requirements for sound primary healthcare?

    <p>Accessibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of community health services emphasizes local involvement and awareness?

    <p>Community participation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the PHC strategy aimed at reducing leading risk factors to human health?

    <p>Addressing major determinants of health outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'adequacy' refer to in the context of primary healthcare?

    <p>Sufficiency of care volume to meet community needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element assesses whether a healthcare service is needed based on human needs and policies?

    <p>Appropriateness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Health and Safety

    • Health and safety is about preventing or mitigating accidents and incidents at the workplace, protecting employees and others from injury.
    • Key aspects include: procedures, regulations, training, insurance, protection, and audits.

    Focus on Safety and Health

    • Identify workers, occupations, and sectors at higher risk of contagion.
    • Implement control and prevention measures based on risk assessments.
    • Disseminate information and preventive measures to reduce the spread of infectious diseases, collaborating with public health authorities.

    Responsibilities

    • Employer: Overall responsibility for health and safety.
    • Chief Executive: Implementing and managing health and safety strategy and policy.
    • Line Managers: Day-to-day responsibility for themselves, employees, and others (including members of the public).
    • Employees: Responsibility for themselves and others.

    OSH Rights and Responsibilities

    • Employers' roles and responsibilities:
      • Workplace, machinery, equipment, and processes must be safe and without risk to health.
      • Chemical, physical, and biological substances must be safe when appropriate protection measures are taken.
      • Adequate protective clothing & equipment must be provided (free of charge to workers).
      • Measures must be in place for emergencies and accidents, including adequate first-aid arrangements.
      • Worker consultation, information, and proper training on OSH is essential. (per Occupational Safety and Health Convention, No. 155, and Recommendation, No. 164)

    Risk of Contagion

    • Probability of exposure to contagion, considering disease characteristics and potential exposure to contaminated environments and materials.
    • Severity of resulting health outcomes, considering individual factors (age, underlying conditions) and available control measures.

    Emergency Response Workers

    • Health care workers.
    • Laboratory personnel.
    • Death care workers.
    • Emergency transport workers.
    • Cleaners and waste management workers in healthcare facilities.
    • Other emergency responders (police, civil protection, military, fire).

    Stress, Psychosocial Risks, and Violence

    • Common psychosocial factors during pandemics include fear for personal or family well-being, lack of safety equipment, isolation, and lack of social support.
    • Tension between safety protocols and the need to support individuals and difficulty maintaining self-care (like exercise, nutrition, and rest) can create additional stress.
    • Common responses include stress, low mood, low motivation, anxiety, and depression.
    • These factors impact mental health and well-being.

    Working from Home

    • Management commitment and supervisor support.
    • Clear expectations (tasks, results).
    • Flexibility in work schedules.
    • Dedicated workspace and appropriate equipment (e.g., laptops, apps, adequate IT support).
    • Training.
    • Comprehensive communication systems.
    • Employee assistance programs are vital.

    Ergonomics

    • Manual handling of loads, awkward postures (associated with longer hours, higher work load and high-pressure environments), musculoskeletal injuries, diminished work capacity, and adherence to strict work practices issues are all important.
    • Increased absenteeism and higher risk of accidents may also occur.

    Heavy PPE Risks

    • Health care workers may experience added risks from prolonged use of heavy PPE.
    • These can include heat stress & dehydration, dizziness, physical markings on faces.
    • PPE: Personal protective Equipment.

    Social Dialogue

    • Employers & their organizations must collaborate to shape policies conducive to business resilience and sustainability, observe guidance from public authorities, and proactively communicate critical information to workers.
    • Employers should also review or draw up business continuity plans, identify and mitigate risks of contagion to workers, and actively promote proper hygiene and a responsible workplace culture.
    • Workers themselves must participate in decision-making and policy responses, actively cooperate with employers, strictly adhere to workplace hygiene practices, and exhibit responsible behaviors.

    OSH Practitioners

    • Facilitate access to reliable information.
    • Increase understanding of disease and symptoms.
    • Provide support in risk assessment and management processes (identifying hazards, assessing risks, adopting preventive measures, monitoring, reviewing efforts).
    • Contribute in developing & updating prevention, containment, mitigation, & recovery plans.

    Write Assessment (IPC)

    • Write an article about Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) that doesn't exceed three sheets and avoids intellectual exaggeration.
    • Include the article's objectives and examples, supported by pictures. The research must include a reference.

    Moral and Medical Ethics

    • Ethics: signifies moral values.
    • Medical ethics: moral principles for medical practitioners in dealings with colleagues, patients, and the state.
    • Medical etiquette: conventional laws, customs, and codes of conduct for doctors among colleagues.

    Medical Council

    • Recognition of medical qualifications.
    • Supervision of undergraduate medical education.
    • Supervision of post-graduate medical education.
    • Recognition of foreign medical education.
    • Derecognition.
    • Medical register maintenance.
    • Warning notices for disciplinary actions.
    • Appeals process for disciplinary actions.

    Duties of Medical Practitioners towards Patients

    • Implied treatment contract.
    • Duty to sick patients.
    • Duty to continue treatment.
    • Duty to earn patient's confidence.
    • Duty to children/infirm.
    • Charge for service.
    • Right to choose a patient.
    • The duty to give proper directions.
    • Duty to offer proper treatment regime.
    • Duty to notify communicable diseases.
    • Examination and consent procedures.
    • Duty related to treatment results.

    Professional Secrecy

    • Privileged Communication: A bonafide statement by a registered medical professional on a matter of public interest to a concerned authority, to protect community concerns.
    • Rules and criteria for privileged communication.

    Duties of Medical Practitioners toward the State

    • Notification of infectious diseases.
    • Notice to police.
    • Notification of births and deaths.
    • Issuing of certificates.
    • Responding to emergencies (military services).

    Duties of Medical Practitioners towards One Another

    • Extend same honour, respect, and good behavior as expected from one another.
    • Avoid actions that diminish reputation of colleagues.
    • Should not entice patients away from colleagues.
    • Free medical service among colleagues.

    Professional Misconduct

    • Conduct considered dishonorable by professional peers, including issuing false medical certificates, covering up unqualified individuals, helping quacks, prescribing habit-forming drugs, disclosing patient secrets, failing to notify, treating patients under the influence of drugs, and fee splitting.

    Professional Negligence (Malpractice)

    • Negligence: Acting or failing to act in a manner not expected.
    • Professional Negligence: Absence of reasonable care and skill, leading to patient injury or death.

    Misadventure

    • Dangerous, unforeseeable effects following the use of a procedure, measure, or drug are categorized as misadventure.
      • Therapeutic: procedures with potentially bad outcomes
      • Diagnostic:
      • Experimental
    • Agreement or permission given voluntarily (without compulsion).
    • Express (verbal or written) or implied.
    • Nature of ailment, proposed treatment, alternative treatments.
    • Risks & benefits, potential burdens & failure possibilities; Freedom of choice.
    • Consent in writing is always needed for medico-legal examinations.
    • Written and express consent is required prior to procedures beyond routine medical examinations.
    • Minors (under 12 yrs) cannot provide valid consent, but parents and legal guardians can.

    Euthanasia

    • Mercy killing—not permitted in most of the world, including many Islamic and Arab countries.

    Scientific Journal Article

    • Research article on medical misadventure/professional negligence must not exceed 3 pages.
    • It must contain the (objective), supporting pictures, and a reference.

    Preventive Medicine and Health Care

    • Basic Concept: The practice of promoting preventive health care to improve well-being. Aims to prevent, or minimize, disease, disability, and early death, studying the external environment’s effect on human health (environmental and occupational health, nutrition, community medicine, statistics, and epidemiology).

    Importance of Preventive Medicine

    • Cost savings.
    • Improved health outcomes.
    • Empowerment and personal responsibility.
    • Population health.
    • Long-term sustainability.

    Modern Medicine

    • Involves the correct use of drugs, devices, procedures, and supportive systems for healthcare, to cure, treat, diagnose, and rehabilitate. Encompasses diagnostic, preventive, therapeutic, and rehabilitative technologies within the context of computer science.

    Preventive Medicine vs. Clinical Professionals

    • Preventive medicine aims at preventing diseases and problems from occurring or recurring through implementation of educational programs, policies, and research.
    • Clinical professionals focus on treating individuals who become sick or injured, after the disease has developed. But the two fields work hand-in-hand; sometimes treating a disease helps prevent from recurring in others.

    Preventive Care/Preventive Medicine Examples

    • Routine blood pressure tests.
    • Diabetes screening.
    • Cholesterol tests.
    • Routine vaccines.
    • Cancer screenings
    • STD screenings.
    • Occupational Health Medicine
    • Environmental Health
    • Nutrition and Food Hygiene
    • Community medicine

    Methodology of Preventive Medicine

    • Epidemiology: surveillance, investigation, analysis, evaluation.
    • Biostatistics: descriptive and inferential statistics.

    Achievements

    Improved quality of life. Increased life expectancy. Worldwide reduction in infant and child mortality. Elimination or reduction of many communicable diseases.

    Notable Public Health Achievements (20th Century)

    • Vaccination (immunization).
    • Motor-vehicle safety.
    • Safer workplaces.
    • Control of infectious diseases.
    • Reduced deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke.
    • Safer, healthier food.
    • Healthier mothers and babies.
    • Family planning.
    • Fluoridation of drinking water.
    • Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard.

    Public Health Challenges

    • New infections (e.g., SARS, COVID-19).
    • Chronic diseases (obesity and diabetes).
    • Cancers.
    • Bioterrorism.
    • Behavioral factors (smoking, diet).
    • Access to health care.
    • Other

    Actual Causes of Death (1990, U.S.)

    • Tobacco.
    • Poor diet/lack of exercise.
    • Alcohol
    • Infectious agents.
    • Pollutants/toxins.
    • Firearms.
    • Sexual behavior.
    • Motor vehicles.
    • Illicit drug use.

    Spread of Infectious Disease

    • Environmental Conditions: Globalization of food supply, development projects altering disease-carrying insect habitats, increased human contact with wilderness areas, and increased use of antimicrobial agents.

    • Demographic Conditions: Size and dynamics of populations, human migration patterns, and high-risk behaviors.

    Levels of Prevention

    • Primordial Prevention: Preventing risk factors before they appear in a population group (e.g., lifestyle-related diseases).
      • Health education.
    • Primary Prevention: Taken before disease onset (e.g., immunization, promoting healthy behaviors), aiming to eliminate or modify risk factors.
      • Population-wide (mass public health interventions).
      • High-risk strategy.
    • Secondary Prevention: Stopping the disease at an early stage (e.g., screening for pre-symptomatic conditions), providing early diagnosis and treatment
      • Drawbacks include mental anguish(pain), loss of productivity, and high cost.
      • Examples include regular exams & screenings.
    • Tertiary Prevention: Reducing disability and suffering from an already established disease (e.g., cardiac rehabilitation).

    Primary Health Care (PHC)

    • Definition: The first level of contact between patients and health services. Provides essential care, and a majority of prevailing health problems dealt with effectively.
    • Elements of PHC: Promotive (health education, food, nutrition, maternal/child care), Preventive (immunizations, diseases control, safe water/sanitation), Curative (treatment, provision of essential drugs). Added elements can include dental care, school health, and home health care, and community participation.

    Essential Elements of PHC (WHO)

    1. Education
    2. Water and sanitation.
    3. Nutrition.
    4. Maternal and child health.
    5. Immunization/vaccination.
    6. Prevention of endemic diseases .
    7. Treatment and drug availability

    Primary Health Care (PHC) Principles

    • Equity in distribution: services to all and prioritize those in need.
    • Appropriate technology: technology that is accessible and can be afforded.
    • Multi-sectoral approach: involves multiple health care departments to ensure collaborative efforts.
    • Community participation: people take part in the health system.
    • Support from higher levels: Hospitals/government support primary health care initiatives and share the social goal of improving health.

    WHO Strategies of PHC

    • Reducing excess mortality in poor marginalized populations: ensuring these populations have access to health services and addressing the root causes of death, morbidity, and disability.
    • Reducing leading risk factors: Identifying and reducing the factors that most affect health outcomes.
    • Developing sustainable health systems: Developing sustainable and financially sound systems.
    • Developing an enabling policy and institutional environment: integrating PHC initiatives into national/governmental policies and systems

    Basic Requirements for Sound PHC

    • Appropriateness.
    • Adequacy.
    • Affordability.
    • Accessibility.
    • Acceptability.
    • Availability.
    • Assessability.
    • Accountability.
    • Completeness.
    • Comprehensiveness.
    • Continuity.

    Nutrition in Health and Disease

    • Background: Nutrition is the science of food and its role in health. It is important to promote healthy eating habits.
    • Modern Nutrition : identifying micronutrients (vitamins, minerals) crucial for growth, health, and preventing disease—as well as the relationships between nutrition and diseases like obesity.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the various levels and types of preventive medicine, including primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. This quiz covers key concepts such as health care levels, demographics influencing disease spread, and the roles of different healthcare specialists. Enhance your understanding of how preventive strategies aim to improve public health.

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