Prevention and Control of Hospital Infections
31 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is patient protection dependent on?

The quality of care, treatment, and protection against adverse events.

What is the main focus of the book 'Prevention and Control of Infections in Hospitals: Practice and Theory'?

Infection control, surveillance, and hygienic routines

Who is primarily responsible for patient safety and infection control in the healthcare system according to the book?

  • Director of the hospital
  • Health minister
  • Government
  • All of the above (correct)

    • Lack of management is not associated with factors such as poor maintenance of buildings and equipment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many patients in Europe acquire healthcare-associated infections each year according to the book?

    <p>7.5 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hospital infections may occur in __% or more of hospitalized patients.

    <p>5-20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is estimated to cause more than 90% of adverse events in hospitals?

    <p>Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Overcrowding and understaffing are not associated with increased hospital-associated infections (HAIs).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mentioned as a significant factor for serious hospital infections and other injuries?

    <p>Overcrowding and understaffing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hospital infections such as pneumonia, sepsis, urinary tract infections, wound infections, etc., can lead to prolonged stay—with occupancy of beds for $– extra days.

    <p>4–14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following leadership factors with their impact on hospital infections:

    <p>Too large span of control for managers = Increased risk of HAIs Weak leadership with unclear routines and responsibilities = Unclear roles in infection control Low personnel morale—&quot;blindness to risk&quot; = Risk of infections High patient bed occupancy rate ≥85% = Associated with HAIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of hospitalized patients affected by healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in high-income countries?

    <p>7-10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are common forms of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HAIs usually appear within 48 hours after admission.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hospital infections are measured by _______ and international prevalence and incidence studies.

    <p>national</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are hospital-acquired infections (HAI) recorded in each department?

    <p>To monitor the burden, type, and drug resistance of microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four types of infection that Norway currently records?

    <p>Respiratory tract infections, postoperative wound infections, blood-borne infections, urinary tract infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Incidence studies provide a continuous record of each patient over a specific period.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 10-year-incidence study in the United States showed a reduction in postoperative wound infections from 2.5% in 1968 to __% in 1977.

    <p>0.6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of the numbers of somatic patient beds in Norwegian hospitals from 1990-2017?

    <p>Statistic Central Bureau, Norway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement characterizes the New Public Management (NPM) in Norway?

    <p>Entrance of industry philosophy into the Norwegian healthcare system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Legal responsibility for hygiene and infection control in Norwegian hospitals was transferred from individual hospitals to Regional Health Authorities (RHFs) in 2005.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From 2005 onwards, necessary resources for hygiene, infection protection, and control were withheld from the hospitals, resulting in the burden of resistant microbes increasing in the hospital environment and among the patients, affecting overall patient __________.

    <p>safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do many microbes naturally colonize without causing illness?

    <p>Skin and mucous membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pathogenic microbes only cause illness in individuals with a strong immune system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of highly pathogenic viruses mentioned in the text?

    <p>Ebola, SARS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pathogenic microbes are spread by contact, air, water, food, beverages, contaminated equipment, and environment, and are more seldom ______-borne.

    <p>vector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biological material has a lifetime in the environment of 1 year?

    <p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the transmission route for Neisseria meningitidis?

    <p>C/A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae have a lifetime in the environment of __ hours–days.

    <p>Hours–days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the microbes with their respective lifetime in the environment:

    <p>Chlamydia pneumoniae/Mycoplasma pneumoniae = Hours–days Legionella pneumophila = Infinity in water Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis) = 1 year Neisseria meningitidis; meningococcus = Hours Pertussis; Bordetella pertussis = 3–5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Prevention and Control of Infections in Hospitals

    Importance of Infection Prevention

    • Healthcare-associated infections (HAI) are a major patient safety issue, causing over 90% of patient injuries.
    • HAIs are responsible for more than 147,000 patient deaths each year in European hospitals.

    Infection Control and Surveillance

    • Good hygiene practices, personal infection protection, cleanliness, and textile treatment are crucial to prevent infections.
    • Daily infection surveillance, infection detection, and contraceptive measures are necessary to stop the spread of infections.
    • Infection control is a shared responsibility among healthcare professionals, hospital leaders, and government agencies.

    Hospital Infections

    • Hospital infections can occur in 5-20% or more of hospitalized patients.
    • Infections may spread between healthcare levels and lead to unfavorable outcomes for patients.
    • Viral infections like influenza and norovirus can spread rapidly and lead to department closures.

    High-Risk Infections

    • Severe hospital infections include postoperative wound infections, intravascular and blood-borne infections, and infections in lower respiratory tract, urinary tract, skin, and gastrointestinal tract.
    • Infections in neonates and premature patients with impaired infection defense are particularly concerning.

    Global Spread of Infections

    • Resistant and pathogenic microbes pose a global risk to patients, employees, visitors, and society.
    • Continuous readiness with effective measures is necessary to combat epidemics and pandemics.

    Target Audience

    • This book is intended for health professionals, doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals, as well as students in health-related subjects, hospital leaders, and health agencies.

    • Patients and their relatives may also benefit from this book.### Patient Protection Is Patient Safety

    • Patient safety is dependent on the quality of care, treatment, and protection against adverse events

    • Key elements of patient safety include:

    • Competent leadership and responsibility from healthcare providers

    • Effective hospital organization and practices to prevent healthcare-associated infections

    • Ongoing commitment to improving healthcare quality and patient outcomes### Patient Safety and Protection

    • Hospital-associated infections (HAIs) are a major concern, causing over 90% of adverse events in hospitals.

    • In the US, HAIs are estimated to cause over 110,000 patient deaths annually, with 99,000 attributed to medical failures.

    • In Europe, HAIs may cause 37,000 deaths and contribute to an additional 110,000 annually.

    Factors Contributing to Adverse Events

    • Overcrowding, high bed occupancy rates (>85%), and understaffing are associated with increased HAIs.
    • Other factors include:
      • Lack of hygiene and cleanliness
      • Inadequate monitoring of sick patients
      • Transferring patients to another department without the "right" speciality
      • Early discharges due to shortage of patient beds
      • Corridor patients

    Leadership and Management

    • Hospital leaders have a responsibility to protect patients against adverse events.
    • Lack of leader competence and responsibility can lead to increased HAIs.
    • Management factors contributing to HAIs include:
      • Too large a span of control for managers
      • Weak leadership with unclear routines and responsibilities
      • Lack of active support for infection control measures
      • High personnel turnover and low morale

    Hospital Organization and Infections

    • Hospital organization and infrastructure are important factors in patient safety.
    • Inadequate maintenance and functionality of hospital buildings can lead to reduced patient safety.
    • Poor cleaning and hygiene practices can increase the risk of infections.

    Specific Examples and Case Studies

    • In 2008, overcrowding in NHS hospitals in England led to widespread resistant bacterial infections.
    • The Royal College of Surgeons warned patients against admissions to hospitals with high occupancy rates.
    • In Norway, the healthcare system has undergone significant changes, leading to a decrease in patient beds and an increase in HAIs.
    • Economic savings measures have led to increased HAIs in Norwegian hospitals.

    Healthcare System Challenges

    • The healthcare system has been through major changes, leading to increased risks for patients and personnel.
    • New hospitals have been built, but resources have been taken from existing hospitals for maintenance and reconstruction.
    • The patient's role has been reduced, and the focus has shifted to cost analyses and economic savings.

    Statistics and Figures

    • In Norway, the number of patient beds has been halved from 6 to 3 per 1000 inhabitants between 1990 and 2017.
    • The total number of patient beds has been reduced from 4 to 2.5 per 1000 inhabitants.
    • The healthcare expenditure as a percentage of GDP in Norway has been below the OECD average.
    • The country has a high bed occupancy rate, with an average of 91.6% in acute medicine.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Prevention and Control of Infections in Hospitals- Practice and Theory ( PDFDrive ).pdf

    Description

    This quiz covers the practice and theory of preventing and controlling infections in hospitals, covering topics related to hospital infections and their management. It is based on the book by Bjørg Marit Andersen. Learn about the best practices and principles to prevent and control infections in hospitals.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser