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Questions and Answers
What does prevalence measure in a population?
What does prevalence measure in a population?
- The total number of people in the population
- The number of people with a disease at a specific time (correct)
- The specific cause of the disease
- The burden of disease in a population
Why is prevalence NOT useful for determining what caused a disease?
Why is prevalence NOT useful for determining what caused a disease?
- Prevalence only tells us how many are affected but not why or how (correct)
- Prevalence is directly linked to the total population size
- Prevalence focuses on specific events like birth and death
- Prevalence is calculated at a specific point in time
What is point prevalence?
What is point prevalence?
- The lifetime risk of having a certain disease
- The proportion of persons with a particular disease on a specific date/time (correct)
- The proportion of events like birth and death in a population
- The total number of people in the population at any given time
Which of the following is a characteristic of period prevalence?
Which of the following is a characteristic of period prevalence?
What information does prevalence provide for planning health services?
What information does prevalence provide for planning health services?
Which group should be excluded from the denominator when calculating incidence?
Which group should be excluded from the denominator when calculating incidence?
What is the key focus when assessing incidence in a population?
What is the key focus when assessing incidence in a population?
Why are individuals with immunity or those who lack susceptibility not included in incidence calculations?
Why are individuals with immunity or those who lack susceptibility not included in incidence calculations?
What distinguishes Incidence Rate from Cumulative Risk in measuring new disease cases?
What distinguishes Incidence Rate from Cumulative Risk in measuring new disease cases?
Why is Cumulative Risk not valid when a large number of people leave your study?
Why is Cumulative Risk not valid when a large number of people leave your study?
What is the main issue with loss to follow-up in a study?
What is the main issue with loss to follow-up in a study?
In which scenario is risk a more valid measure of disease frequency?
In which scenario is risk a more valid measure of disease frequency?
What is the incidence rate?
What is the incidence rate?
How is incidence rate calculated?
How is incidence rate calculated?
What does incidence rate help address in studies where incidence proportion may be limited?
What does incidence rate help address in studies where incidence proportion may be limited?
When is risk considered less valid as a measure of disease frequency?
When is risk considered less valid as a measure of disease frequency?
What is the concept behind person-time in calculating incidence rates?
What is the concept behind person-time in calculating incidence rates?
In practice, why do different people contribute different amounts of person-time in calculating incidence rates?
In practice, why do different people contribute different amounts of person-time in calculating incidence rates?
What does the incidence rate measure?
What does the incidence rate measure?
What does hazard rate refer to in epidemiology?
What does hazard rate refer to in epidemiology?
Why are individuals who have already contracted the illness often not considered at risk for developing it again in incidence calculations?
Why are individuals who have already contracted the illness often not considered at risk for developing it again in incidence calculations?
What is a key difference between Cumulative Risk (CR) and Incidence Rate (IR) in measuring new disease cases?
What is a key difference between Cumulative Risk (CR) and Incidence Rate (IR) in measuring new disease cases?
When comparing Cumulative Risk (CR) and Incidence Rate (IR), which statement is true?
When comparing Cumulative Risk (CR) and Incidence Rate (IR), which statement is true?
Which of the following accurately describes the calculation of Incidence Rate (IR)?
Which of the following accurately describes the calculation of Incidence Rate (IR)?
When considering the distinction between Cumulative Risk (CR) and Incidence Rate (IR), which characteristic makes CR less accurate?
When considering the distinction between Cumulative Risk (CR) and Incidence Rate (IR), which characteristic makes CR less accurate?
What does Mortality Rate measure?
What does Mortality Rate measure?
Which of the following defines Morbidity Rate?
Which of the following defines Morbidity Rate?
Which term refers to the proportion of those exposed that develop the disease?
Which term refers to the proportion of those exposed that develop the disease?
What characterizes the concept of causation in relation to a disease?
What characterizes the concept of causation in relation to a disease?
When considering the concept of causation in epidemiology, what does it mean when we say cause is viewed probabilistically?
When considering the concept of causation in epidemiology, what does it mean when we say cause is viewed probabilistically?
Which of the following is NOT one of Hill’s criteria for establishing causality?
Which of the following is NOT one of Hill’s criteria for establishing causality?
Why is it important for exposure to precede the disease when considering temporality in epidemiology?
Why is it important for exposure to precede the disease when considering temporality in epidemiology?
Which of the following is NOT a component of Hill’s criteria for establishing causality?
Which of the following is NOT a component of Hill’s criteria for establishing causality?
What is the significance of a stronger association in epidemiology?
What is the significance of a stronger association in epidemiology?
In epidemiology, what does the dose-response relationship suggest?
In epidemiology, what does the dose-response relationship suggest?
Why is replicating findings in multiple studies important in epidemiology?
Why is replicating findings in multiple studies important in epidemiology?
What role does biologic plausibility play in epidemiological studies?
What role does biologic plausibility play in epidemiological studies?
How does the strength of association relate to the explanation of weaker associations?
How does the strength of association relate to the explanation of weaker associations?
What does a measure of association quantify in epidemiology?
What does a measure of association quantify in epidemiology?
Which scale tells us the relative increase or decrease in effect comparing one quantity to another?
Which scale tells us the relative increase or decrease in effect comparing one quantity to another?
Which measure is not commonly used in epidemiology but is important to understand conceptually?
Which measure is not commonly used in epidemiology but is important to understand conceptually?
What does Prevalence Ratio calculate for each exposure group?
What does Prevalence Ratio calculate for each exposure group?
Which measure tells us the absolute increase or decrease in effect?
Which measure tells us the absolute increase or decrease in effect?
What does the Risk Ratio (RR) measure?
What does the Risk Ratio (RR) measure?
What does the Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) compare?
What does the Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) compare?
What is the range of values for the Risk Ratio (RR)?
What is the range of values for the Risk Ratio (RR)?
How are populations divided when calculating Risk Ratio (RR)?
How are populations divided when calculating Risk Ratio (RR)?
What is the key characteristic of the Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR)?
What is the key characteristic of the Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR)?
What is the key difference between Risk Difference (RD) and Incidence Rate Difference (IRD)?
What is the key difference between Risk Difference (RD) and Incidence Rate Difference (IRD)?
Which measure of association has a range from -∞ to +∞?
Which measure of association has a range from -∞ to +∞?
Why is it not possible to calculate rate and prevalence measures from the given 2x2 table data?
Why is it not possible to calculate rate and prevalence measures from the given 2x2 table data?
What does the Incidence Rate Difference (IRD) measure?
What does the Incidence Rate Difference (IRD) measure?
What does the Absolute Scale Risk Difference (RD) quantify?
What does the Absolute Scale Risk Difference (RD) quantify?
What does a Relative Risk (RR) of 1 indicate?
What does a Relative Risk (RR) of 1 indicate?
If the Risk Difference (RD) is 0, what does it imply?
If the Risk Difference (RD) is 0, what does it imply?
When the Odds Ratio (OR) is greater than 1, what does it suggest?
When the Odds Ratio (OR) is greater than 1, what does it suggest?
If the Incidence Rate Difference (IRD) is negative, what does it indicate?
If the Incidence Rate Difference (IRD) is negative, what does it indicate?
What conclusion can be drawn when the Relative Risk (RR) is less than 1?
What conclusion can be drawn when the Relative Risk (RR) is less than 1?
What does the Risk Ratio provide information on?
What does the Risk Ratio provide information on?
How does the Risk Difference differ from the Risk Ratio?
How does the Risk Difference differ from the Risk Ratio?
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