Prevalence 101

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Questions and Answers

Which study design is suitable for studying rare diseases or diseases with long latency periods?

  • Case-control study (correct)
  • Cross-sectional study
  • Randomized controlled trial
  • Cohort study

What is the measure of association used in case-control studies?

  • Prevalence rate
  • Incidence rate
  • Odds ratio (OR) (correct)
  • Relative risk (RR)

What is the main advantage of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) compared to observational studies?

  • Less expensive and time-consuming
  • Can study multiple outcomes
  • Less susceptible to bias
  • Can establish causality (correct)

In epidemiology, what does temporality refer to?

<p>The cause preceding the effect in time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following formulas is used to calculate the Prevalence Ratio of Disease or Exposure (PeR)?

<p>PeR = (Prevalence in exposed group) / (Prevalence in unexposed group) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of epidemiology?

<p>The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations and the application of this study to the prevention and control of health problems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the interpretation of the 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for PeR?

<p>If the 95% CI includes 1, there is no significant difference between the exposed and unexposed groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following formulas is used to calculate the Odds Ratio (OR)?

<p>OR = (a/b / c/d) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formula is used to calculate sensitivity?

<p>Sensitivity = (True Positives) / (True Positives + False Negatives) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formula is used to calculate specificity?

<p>Specificity = (True Negatives) / (True Negatives + False Positives) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does PPV stand for?

<p>Positive Predictive Value (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does NPV stand for?

<p>Negative Predictive Value (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Kappa statistic measure?

<p>Agreement between two raters or two diagnostic tests (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the interpretation of a high overall agreement?

<p>The raters or tests are consistent in their judgments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study design is suitable for studying rare diseases or diseases with long latency periods?

<p>Case-control study (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the measure of association used in cohort studies?

<p>Relative Risk (RR) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the measure of association used in case-control studies?

<p>Odds Ratio (OR) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the Bradford Hill Criteria used to assess causality?

<p>Specificity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which criterion of the Bradford Hill Criteria states that the cause must precede the effect in time?

<p>Temporality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Bradford Hill Criteria, which criterion states that the causal interpretation should not conflict with known biological theory?

<p>Biological Plausibility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following formulas is used to calculate the Prevalence Ratio of Disease or Exposure (PeR)?

<p>PeR = (Prevalence in exposed group) / (Prevalence in unexposed group) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following formulas is used to calculate the Odds Ratio (OR)?

<p>OR = (ad / bc) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following formulas is used to calculate the Relative Risk (RR)?

<p>RR = (Risk in exposed group) / (Risk in unexposed group) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formula is used to calculate the Positive Predictive Value (PPV)?

<p>True Positives / (True Positives + False Negatives) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the interpretation of a low overall agreement?

<p>There is disagreement between the raters or tests in their judgments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate the Overall Agreement (%)?

<p>(Number of Agreeing Ratings / Total Number of Ratings) x 100 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Kappa statistic measure?

<p>The agreement between two raters or two diagnostic tests. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate the Sensitivity?

<p>True Positives / (True Positives + False Negatives) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate the Specificity?

<p>True Negatives / (True Negatives + False Positives) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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