29 Questions
Which study design is suitable for studying rare diseases or diseases with long latency periods?
Case-control study
What is the measure of association used in case-control studies?
Odds ratio (OR)
What is the main advantage of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) compared to observational studies?
Can establish causality
In epidemiology, what does temporality refer to?
The cause preceding the effect in time
Which of the following formulas is used to calculate the Prevalence Ratio of Disease or Exposure (PeR)?
PeR = (Prevalence in exposed group) / (Prevalence in unexposed group)
What is the definition of epidemiology?
The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations and the application of this study to the prevention and control of health problems
What is the interpretation of the 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for PeR?
If the 95% CI includes 1, there is no significant difference between the exposed and unexposed groups.
Which of the following formulas is used to calculate the Odds Ratio (OR)?
OR = (a/b / c/d)
Which formula is used to calculate sensitivity?
Sensitivity = (True Positives) / (True Positives + False Negatives)
Which formula is used to calculate specificity?
Specificity = (True Negatives) / (True Negatives + False Positives)
What does PPV stand for?
Positive Predictive Value
What does NPV stand for?
Negative Predictive Value
What does the Kappa statistic measure?
Agreement between two raters or two diagnostic tests
What is the interpretation of a high overall agreement?
The raters or tests are consistent in their judgments
Which type of study design is suitable for studying rare diseases or diseases with long latency periods?
Case-control study
What is the measure of association used in cohort studies?
Relative Risk (RR)
What is the measure of association used in case-control studies?
Odds Ratio (OR)
Which of the following is NOT one of the Bradford Hill Criteria used to assess causality?
Specificity
Which criterion of the Bradford Hill Criteria states that the cause must precede the effect in time?
Temporality
According to the Bradford Hill Criteria, which criterion states that the causal interpretation should not conflict with known biological theory?
Biological Plausibility
Which of the following formulas is used to calculate the Prevalence Ratio of Disease or Exposure (PeR)?
PeR = (Prevalence in exposed group) / (Prevalence in unexposed group)
Which of the following formulas is used to calculate the Odds Ratio (OR)?
OR = (ad / bc)
Which of the following formulas is used to calculate the Relative Risk (RR)?
RR = (Risk in exposed group) / (Risk in unexposed group)
Which formula is used to calculate the Positive Predictive Value (PPV)?
True Positives / (True Positives + False Negatives)
What is the interpretation of a low overall agreement?
There is disagreement between the raters or tests in their judgments.
What is the formula to calculate the Overall Agreement (%)?
(Number of Agreeing Ratings / Total Number of Ratings) x 100
What does the Kappa statistic measure?
The agreement between two raters or two diagnostic tests.
What is the formula to calculate the Sensitivity?
True Positives / (True Positives + False Negatives)
What is the formula to calculate the Specificity?
True Negatives / (True Negatives + False Positives)
Test your knowledge of prevalence and its formula with this quiz! Learn about the definition and calculation of prevalence, as well as its significance in assessing the occurrence of diseases or conditions in a population at a specific point in time.
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