Alterations in the integumentary System

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary factor that leads to the development of pressure ulcers?

Prolonged pressure (correct)

Increased hydration

Adequate nutrition

Frequent repositioning

Which stage of a pressure ulcer involves full-thickness skin loss with exposure of muscle and bone?

Stage 4 (correct)

Stage 2

Stage 1

Stage 3

What type of dermatitis is characterized by hypersensitivity to allergens such as metals or chemicals?

Atopic Dermatitis

Seborrheic Dermatitis

Allergic Contact Dermatitis (correct)

Irritant Contact Dermatitis

Which treatment is commonly recommended for psoriasis?

Topical treatments Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic symptom of cellulitis?

Warm and swollen areas Signup and view all the answers

What type of dermatitis is often seen in children due to a family history of allergies?

Atopic Dermatitis Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is responsible for causing shingles?

Varicella-Zoster Virus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of stasis dermatitis?

Venous stasis leading to skin ulcers Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk factor for developing pressure ulcers?

Prolonged immobility Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions present as scaly, erythematous plaques?

Psoriasis Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment for warts?

Cryotherapy or salicylic acid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about chickenpox is correct?

It is a highly contagious disease caused by varicella-zoster virus. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes first-degree burns?

They present with redness and pain only in the epidermis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of hives (urticaria)?

Allergic reactions Signup and view all the answers

Which type of skin cancer is the most common form that usually is not metastatic?

Basal Cell Carcinoma Signup and view all the answers

In the Rule of 9’s, how much percentage of body surface area is each arm considered?

9% Signup and view all the answers

What combination characterizes burn shock?

Hypovolemic and cellular shock Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is typically associated with frostbite?

Numbness and tissue damage Signup and view all the answers

What is a hallmark symptom of rubella?

Rash and lymphadenopathy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following burn types appears dry and leathery?

Third-Degree Burns Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

### Pressure Ulcers

Open sores caused by prolonged pressure, shearing forces, friction, and moisture.
Risk factors: Prolonged immobility, moisture due to incontinence, poor nutrition, dehydration, and impaired perfusion.
Staging:
- Stage 1: Non-blanchable erythema of intact skin.
- Stage 2: Partial-thickness skin loss involving the epidermis and/or dermis.
- Stage 3: Full-thickness skin loss involving damage to subcutaneous tissue.
- Stage 4: Full-thickness skin loss with exposure of muscle, bone, or supporting structures.
- Unstageable: Full-thickness tissue loss covered by slough or eschar.
Prevention: Frequent repositioning, moisture management, pressure reduction techniques, and ensuring adequate nutrition and hydration.

Dermatitis

Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Hypersensitivity to allergens such as metals or chemicals.
Irritant Contact Dermatitis: Prolonged exposure to irritating chemicals like soaps or acids.
Atopic Dermatitis: Common in children with a family history of allergies; presents with pruritus, scaling, and thickening of the skin.
Stasis Dermatitis: Caused by venous stasis and manifests as erythema, scaling, and ulcers on the lower legs.
Seborrheic Dermatitis: Scaly, yellowish plaques on the scalp, eyebrows, and other areas.

Psoriasis

Chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by the rapid turnover of epidermal cells, resulting in scaly, erythematous plaques.
Treatment: Topical treatments, systemic therapies, and light therapy.

Cellulitis

Infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.
Presents as warm, swollen, and painful areas, usually in the lower extremities.
Treatment: Antibiotics and pain management.

HSV and Shingles

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1): Causes cold sores and oral infections.
Herpes Zoster (Shingles): Caused by reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox).
- Symptoms include pain, paresthesia, and vesicular eruptions along the dermatome.
Treatment: Antiviral medications, pain management, and supportive care.

Chickenpox (Varicella)

Highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus.
Presents with fever, itching, and vesicular lesions.
Treatment: Typically self-limiting, but vaccines are available.

Warts

Benign lesions caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV).
Types: Common warts (on fingers), plantar warts (on feet), and genital warts (sexually transmitted).
Treatment: Cryotherapy or salicylic acid.

Hives (Urticaria)

Circumscribed areas of erythema and edema, typically caused by allergic reactions.
Treatment: Antihistamines and avoidance of triggers.

Skin Cancer

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): The most common form of skin cancer; usually not metastatic.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC): Arises from the epidermis; also common, with metastasis being rare.
Kaposi Sarcoma: A vascular malignancy associated with immunodeficiency; characterized by purple, brown lesions.

Burns

First-Degree Burns: Involve only the epidermis; present with redness and pain (e.g., sunburn).
Second-Degree Burns: Affect the epidermis and part of the dermis; with blisters.
Third-Degree Burns: Full thickness burns that involve the entire dermis; appear dry and leathery.
Fourth-Degree Burns: Extend into deeper tissues like muscles and bones.

Rule of 9's (Burns)

Used to estimate the total body surface area (TBSA) affected by burns.
Each arm = 9%, each leg = 18%, torso = 36%, head = 9%, and genitalia = 1%.

Burn Shock

A combination of hypovolemic and cellular shock due to fluid shifts from the vasculature into the interstitial space after a burn.
Treatment: Fluid resuscitation.

Cold Injuries

Frostbite: Freezing of tissues, leading to numbness and tissue damage.
Treatment: Rewarming, pain management, and possible surgical intervention for severe cases.

Pediatric Issues

Acne: Inflammatory and non-inflammatory types; commonly treated with topical or systemic therapies.
Impetigo: A bacterial infection in children, characterized by honey-colored lesions; treated with topical or oral antibiotics.
Rubella: Viral infection causing a rash, lymphadenopathy, and fever; typically managed with supportive care.

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Description

This quiz covers the essential aspects of pressure ulcers and dermatitis, including risk factors, staging, and prevention techniques. Understand the differences between allergic and irritant contact dermatitis. Test your knowledge on crucial concepts related to skin health and care.