Questions and Answers
What was President Eisenhower's approval rating at the end of his terms?
Who were the candidates for president in the 1960 election?
John F Kennedy and Richard Nixon
Who won the 1960 presidential election?
John F Kennedy
What effect did advertising have in the 1960 election?
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What approach did Kennedy take towards foreign policy?
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What special units did Kennedy create to help countries struggling against communism?
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What was the Peace Corps?
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What was the Alliance for Progress?
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Who rose to power in Cuba in 1959?
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What country did Castro establish ties with when he rose to power?
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What was the CIA doing during the Eisenhower presidency?
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What did Kennedy do with Eisenhower's plan to invade Cuba?
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What was the Bay of Pigs?
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What was the result of the Bay of Pigs failure?
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What did the Bay of Pigs failure convince Khrushchev of?
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What ultimatum did Khrushchev give Kennedy?
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Why did East Germans build a barbed-wire barrier?
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What was the U.S. response to the barbed-wire barrier?
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What structure replaced the barbed-wire barrier?
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What was Cuba's response to the invasion?
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What type of defensive missiles did the Soviet Union give to Cuba?
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What was Kennedy's demand on October 22, 1962?
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What did Khrushchev agree to do on October 28, 1962?
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What did Kennedy agree to do on October 28, 1962?
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What were the characteristics of Kennedy's cabinet?
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What was the focus of Kennedy's New Frontier?
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What did Kennedy threaten to do if the Steel Industry strikes were not able to negotiate fair wages?
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What acts did Kennedy's Republican-controlled Congress reject?
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What was the Area Redevelopment Act of 1963?
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Who assassinated President Kennedy in 1963?
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What did Lyndon Johnson's presidency focus on?
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How many women did Lyndon Johnson hire for government positions?
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How did Lyndon Johnson start the war on poverty in 1964?
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What social programs did Lyndon Johnson start?
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What was Johnson's domestic reform policy called?
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What was established by Congress in 1965?
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What did the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 provide aid to?
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What did the Omnibus Housing Act in 1965 do?
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What type of programming did the Corporation for Public Broadcasting offer?
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What environmental acts were passed from 1965-1968?
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Warren Court decision that affected people accused of a crime stated that (Match the following statements):
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What is a Green Beret?
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Study Notes
President Eisenhower and the 1960 Election
- Eisenhower's approval rating was high at the end of his presidency.
- John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon were the primary candidates in the 1960 presidential election.
- John F. Kennedy emerged victorious in the 1960 presidential election.
- Advertising played a crucial role; Kennedy's youthful image outshined Nixon's tired appearance during televised debates.
Kennedy's Foreign Policy Initiatives
- Kennedy adhered to Cold War policies and continued nuclear arms buildup from Eisenhower's era.
- Established the Green Berets, special units aimed at assisting nations combating communism.
- Created the Peace Corps, which sent volunteers to aid development in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
- Launched the Alliance for Progress, offering economic aid to Latin American countries contingent on democratic reforms.
Cuban Relations and the Bay of Pigs
- Fidel Castro took power in Cuba in 1959, establishing ties with the Soviet Union.
- During Eisenhower’s administration, the CIA trained Cuban exiles to invade Cuba.
- Kennedy endorsed the CIA’s plan for the Bay of Pigs invasion in April 1961, which ended in failure.
- Post-Bay of Pigs, Kennedy assumed greater control over foreign affairs, leading to perceptions of weakness by Khrushchev.
Cold War Escalation and the Berlin Crisis
- Khrushchev issued an ultimatum for the withdrawal of U.S. troops from West Germany.
- East Germany constructed a barbed-wire barrier to separate East and West Berlin.
- The U.S. responded by deploying more troops to Berlin.
- The barbed-wire barrier was eventually replaced by the Berlin Wall.
Cuban Missile Crisis
- In response to the invasion, Cuba sought defensive weapons from the Soviet Union, receiving nuclear missiles capable of reaching the U.S.
- On October 22, 1962, Kennedy demanded the removal of missiles and ordered armed ships bound for Cuba to be turned back.
- Khrushchev agreed to dismantle military bases in Cuba on October 28, 1962, while Kennedy promised not to invade Cuba and to remove U.S. missiles from Turkey.
Domestic Policy of Kennedy and Johnson
- Kennedy's cabinet consisted of intellectuals with minimal political experience.
- The New Frontier aimed to reduce unemployment and inflation.
- Kennedy threatened to cancel government contracts if the steel industry failed to negotiate fair wages.
- His Republican-controlled Congress rejected proposals for medical care for older Americans and education funding.
Lyndon Johnson's Administration
- Johnson’s presidency emphasized civil rights legislation and included the appointment of 27 women to government roles.
- Launched the War on Poverty in 1964 through the creation of the Office of Economic Opportunity.
- Johnson's social programs included Job Corps, Head Start, and the Domestic Peace Corps.
- His domestic reform initiatives were collectively known as the Great Society.
Healthcare and Education Reforms
- Medicare and Medicaid were established by Congress in 1965, providing insurance for the elderly and healthcare for low-income individuals.
- The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 offered financial aid to underfunded schools.
- The Omnibus Housing Act of 1965 facilitated housing assistance for low-income families and founded the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).
Environmental and Legal Reforms
- Environmental acts passed between 1965 and 1968 included the Water Quality Act and the Air Quality Act to oversee pollution.
- The Warren Court made significant decisions enhancing the rights of the accused, ensuring access to public defenders and informing individuals of their rights during police investigations.
Special Military Units
- The Green Berets were elite military units created by Kennedy to enable flexible responses to guerrilla warfare and conflict situations.
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Description
Explore the key events surrounding President Eisenhower's final years in office and the pivotal 1960 presidential election. Discover how candidates John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon influenced the political landscape and the role of media in shaping public perception. Additionally, examine Kennedy's foreign policy initiatives and significant events like the Bay of Pigs invasion.