Questions and Answers
The digestive process begins with the ______ of food.
ingestion
Breaking down food, first mechanically then chemically, is referred to as the process of ______.
digestion
Once food is broken down into chemical monomers, the digestive system works by means of ______ to move nutrients from the digestive tract to the cells of the body.
absorption
Indigestible residues are moved into the ______, where fluids are absorbed.
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The final step is ______, where the fecal matter is excreted from the body.
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Match the following digestive processes with their correct terminology:
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Which organ of the digestive system is involved in the absorption of nutrients?
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The uvula is pulled upward during swallowing to close off the larynx.
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What is peristalsis?
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In the small intestine, ________________________ impulses stimulate peristaltic movements, while ____________________ impulses inhibit movements.
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What is the mass of chewed food mixed with saliva called?
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The ______ secretes bile to help digest fats.
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The pancreas only produces enzymes for protein digestion.
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Identify the main function of the gallbladder.
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Which layer of the digestive tract is responsible for the movement of substances?
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Match the peritoneal formations with their descriptions:
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Match the organs with their descriptions as seen in the sagittal section of the abdominopelvic cavity:
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Match the structures associated with an intestinal villus:
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The first step of lipid absorption is _____
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The process following the synthesis of fats in the endoplasmic reticulum is _____
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Chylomicrons exit the basal side of the cell into the _____
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What is the mode of transport for monosaccharides?
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What is the mode of transport for amino acids?
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How are electrolytes absorbed?
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What is the mode of transport for water?
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Match the symptoms with the appropriate vitamin or nutrient:
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What stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach? (Check all that apply)
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What enzyme is produced by the stomach?
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When chyme enters the duodenum, gastric secretions increase.
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Gastrin functions to increase the production of HCl in the stomach.
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What is the plane of section for an axial image?
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In the image, which direction is posterior to the section?
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The star is on what organ?
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The enzyme __________ begins digestion of protein in the stomach.
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Where are haustra found?
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Increased peristaltic activity in the small intestine is due to __________ nervous stimulation and distension of the __________ wall.
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Study Notes
Digestive Process
- Ingestion: The process begins with taking food into the mouth.
- Digestion: Involves mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.
- Absorption: Nutrients move from the digestive tract to body cells after being broken down into monomers.
- Large Intestine Role: Indigestible residues and non-reabsorbed secretions enter the large intestine, where fluid absorption occurs.
- Defecation: The final step entails the excretion of fecal matter.
Types of Digestion
- Mechanical Digestion/Propulsion: Includes actions like peristalsis, swallowing, segmentation, and mastication.
- Chemical Digestion: Involves enzymes like salivary amylase, pepsin, and pancreatic lipase.
Digestive Organs
- Alimentary Tract: Comprises the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.
- Accessory Organs: Include salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
Digestive Tract Anatomy
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Walls Structure:
- Mucosa: Innermost layer; contains epithelium for nutrient absorption.
- Submucosa: Connective tissue layer with nerves and vessels.
- Muscular Layer: Facilitates movement through contraction.
- Serosa: Outer layer that reduces friction between organs.
Deglutition (Swallowing) Phases
- Formation of Bolus: Tongue forms a mass of food.
- Elevation of Soft Palate: Closes off the nasal cavity.
- Closure of Epiglottis: Prevents food from entering the trachea.
- Peristaltic Wave: Moves food down the esophagus.
Teeth Structure
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Types:
- Incisors: Cutting teeth.
- Canines: Tearing teeth.
- Premolars: Mashing teeth.
- Molars: Crushing teeth.
Enzymatic Digestion
- Carbohydrate Digestive Enzymes: Salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, sucrase, maltase, and lactase.
- Protein Digestive Enzymes: Pepsin, trypsin, dipeptidase.
- Lipid Digestive Enzymes: Pancreatic lipase and bile salts.
Blood Flow to the Liver
- Hepatic Portal Vein: Delivers nutrient-rich, oxygen-poor blood from digestive organs.
- Hepatic Artery: Supplies oxygen-rich blood for metabolic needs.
- Lobule Function: Blood mixes in sinusoids before draining into central veins.
Gallbladder and Bile Secretion
- Bile Secretion Trigger: Fatty chyme enters the duodenum, stimulating CCK release.
- CCK Functions: Stimulates gallbladder contraction and bile release.
Nutrient Absorption in the Intestines
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Processes:
- Monosaccharides and amino acids absorbed via active transport and facilitated diffusion.
- Fatty acids absorbed through diffusion.
- Transport Methods: Blood for water-soluble nutrients; lymph for fats.
Lacteals and Villi
- Villi: Microscopic projections that increase surface area for absorption.
- Lacteals: Lymphatic vessels in villi that absorb and transport dietary fats.
Peritoneum and Mesentery
- Greater Omentum: Mesentery that extends from the stomach to intestinal regions.
- Function: Prevents friction and contains blood vessels supplying the intestine.
Large vs. Small Intestine Structures
- Small Intestine Features: Villi, microvilli, and Peyer's patches are crucial for absorption.
- Large Intestine Features: Tenae coli, haustra, and epiploic appendages are important for waste compaction.
Impulse Regulation in Digestion
- Parasympathetic Impulses: Stimulate peristaltic movements in the intestines.
- Sympathetic Impulses: Inhibit digestive movement.
Summary of Digestion's Role
- The entire digestive system works harmoniously to break down food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste, with various organs and enzymes dedicated to specific functions.### Large Intestine Anatomy and Function
- Tenia coli are longitudinal muscle bands that run along the large intestine, aiding in movement.
- Haustra are pouches formed in the large intestine, contributing to its segmented appearance.
- The mesentery is a fold of peritoneal tissue that supports the intestines and contains blood vessels.
- The ileocecal sphincter regulates the flow between the small intestine and the large intestine.
- The appendix is a lymphatic structure attached to the cecum, playing a role in immune function.
Defecation Reflex
- The defecation reflex moves feces into the rectum and expels them from the body.
- Feces enter the rectum through peristaltic waves or increased internal abdominal pressure.
- The internal anal sphincter relaxes to facilitate the passage of feces.
- A spinal reflex is involved in increasing abdominal pressure and contracting the rectum.
- The external anal sphincter also relaxes, allowing for the expulsion of feces.
Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms
- Poor vision is related to a deficiency in Vitamin A.
- Weakened bones can result from a lack of Vitamin D.
- Impaired blood clotting is associated with insufficient Vitamin K.
- Slower wound healing and decreased immunity are linked to a deficiency in Zinc.
Stomach Secretion Regulation
- Hydrochloric acid (HCl) secretion is stimulated by the smell, taste of food, and stomach distention.
- The release of secretin is triggered by the presence of hydrochloric acid in chyme.
- The stomach produces pepsin, an enzyme that begins protein digestion.
- Increased gastric secretions do not occur when chyme enters the duodenum.
- Gastrin is a hormone that increases the production of HCl in the stomach.
Role of Digestive Organs
- Axial (transverse) imaging is used to examine the digestive organs.
- The direction posterior to the section of the image aligns with the bottom of the visual representation.
- The liver is prominently featured in imaging of the digestive organs.
Tooth Anatomy
- Enamel is the outermost layer of a tooth, which can thin due to factors like brushing, grinding, and dietary acids.
Digestive System Structure
- Haustra are specifically found in the large intestine, contributing to its distinctive structure.
- Increased peristaltic activity in the small intestine is stimulated by parasympathetic nervous system activation and the stretching of the stomach wall, engaging the gastroenteric reflex.
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Test your knowledge on the digestive system with this flashcard quiz! You'll need to complete sentences about the digestive process and arrange them in the correct order. Prepare effectively for your upcoming lecture exam on Chapter 17.
