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What is the primary focus of the prenatal development stage?
What is the primary focus of the prenatal development stage?
Which stage of prenatal development follows the germinal stage?
Which stage of prenatal development follows the germinal stage?
What physical growth trend indicates that development occurs from the head down to the feet?
What physical growth trend indicates that development occurs from the head down to the feet?
Which factor can significantly influence prenatal development?
Which factor can significantly influence prenatal development?
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During which period is the brain expected to reach about 50% of its eventual adult weight?
During which period is the brain expected to reach about 50% of its eventual adult weight?
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What is a common reflex that neonates display, crucial for their survival?
What is a common reflex that neonates display, crucial for their survival?
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What characterizes the physical development during the preschool period?
What characterizes the physical development during the preschool period?
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Which aspect of development tends to improve during middle childhood?
Which aspect of development tends to improve during middle childhood?
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What triggers the beginning of adolescence?
What triggers the beginning of adolescence?
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What cognitive limitation do preoperational children struggle with regarding the concept of conservation?
What cognitive limitation do preoperational children struggle with regarding the concept of conservation?
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At what age do most children generally say their first word?
At what age do most children generally say their first word?
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Which feature is characteristic of children's cognitive development during the concrete operational stage?
Which feature is characteristic of children's cognitive development during the concrete operational stage?
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What is an example of telegraphic speech that a two-year-old might use?
What is an example of telegraphic speech that a two-year-old might use?
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Which cognitive ability is NOT characteristic of the concrete operational stage?
Which cognitive ability is NOT characteristic of the concrete operational stage?
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What do babies start to produce around six to eight weeks old?
What do babies start to produce around six to eight weeks old?
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Which of the following describes the cognitive ability of 'compensation' in the concrete operational stage?
Which of the following describes the cognitive ability of 'compensation' in the concrete operational stage?
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What is indicative of a vocabulary spurt in children?
What is indicative of a vocabulary spurt in children?
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What is an essential characteristic of ‘reversibility’ in cognitive development?
What is an essential characteristic of ‘reversibility’ in cognitive development?
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What ability do preoperational children lack that concrete operational children acquire?
What ability do preoperational children lack that concrete operational children acquire?
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Which term refers to the inability to initiate and maintain goal-directed activities?
Which term refers to the inability to initiate and maintain goal-directed activities?
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What psychological defense mechanism involves refusing to acknowledge painful experiences?
What psychological defense mechanism involves refusing to acknowledge painful experiences?
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Which approach to understanding mental disorders integrates biological, psychological, and social factors?
Which approach to understanding mental disorders integrates biological, psychological, and social factors?
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Which symptom of schizophrenia involves fixed false beliefs without reality foundation?
Which symptom of schizophrenia involves fixed false beliefs without reality foundation?
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What is the term for the incomprehensible speech that is only loosely related to the topic being discussed?
What is the term for the incomprehensible speech that is only loosely related to the topic being discussed?
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Which defense mechanism involves redirecting negative emotions into more positive actions?
Which defense mechanism involves redirecting negative emotions into more positive actions?
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What is a characteristic of secure attachment in infants?
What is a characteristic of secure attachment in infants?
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What behavior is typical of insecure-resistant attachment?
What behavior is typical of insecure-resistant attachment?
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Which attachment style is associated with a lack of distress when the caregiver departs?
Which attachment style is associated with a lack of distress when the caregiver departs?
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What did Freud propose regarding personality development?
What did Freud propose regarding personality development?
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What is one of Erik Erikson's beliefs about psychosocial development?
What is one of Erik Erikson's beliefs about psychosocial development?
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In Baumrind's parenting styles, which characteristic defines permissive parenting?
In Baumrind's parenting styles, which characteristic defines permissive parenting?
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What describes the disorganized attachment style in infants?
What describes the disorganized attachment style in infants?
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Which of the following is a misconception about adolescence?
Which of the following is a misconception about adolescence?
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In attachment theory, how do infants with avoidant attachment typically behave?
In attachment theory, how do infants with avoidant attachment typically behave?
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What role do social experiences play according to Erikson's Psychosocial Theory?
What role do social experiences play according to Erikson's Psychosocial Theory?
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What stage of prenatal development occurs during the first two weeks after conception?
What stage of prenatal development occurs during the first two weeks after conception?
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Which of the following best defines teratogens?
Which of the following best defines teratogens?
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Which of the following is not an attachment behavior observed in infancy?
Which of the following is not an attachment behavior observed in infancy?
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Walking and throwing objects are examples of which type of motor skills?
Walking and throwing objects are examples of which type of motor skills?
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At what age is handedness typically observed to develop in preschool children?
At what age is handedness typically observed to develop in preschool children?
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Which part of the brain is often the last to reach maturation, influencing behavior during early adolescence?
Which part of the brain is often the last to reach maturation, influencing behavior during early adolescence?
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If Palesa believes she has more cake after her father slices her piece, what cognitive understanding is she likely struggling with?
If Palesa believes she has more cake after her father slices her piece, what cognitive understanding is she likely struggling with?
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What cognitive decline is most likely affecting Hennie as he approaches his late fifties?
What cognitive decline is most likely affecting Hennie as he approaches his late fifties?
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Which stage of development according to Erikson occurs during the preschool years?
Which stage of development according to Erikson occurs during the preschool years?
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What is the typical behavioral response of a child demonstrating egocentric reasoning?
What is the typical behavioral response of a child demonstrating egocentric reasoning?
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Study Notes
Prenatal Development
- Development is a lifelong process
- Development covers prenatal development to death
- There is an ongoing debate about biological & environmental factors on child development
- Prenatal development is divided into 3 stages
- Germinal Stage
- Lasts from conception to 2 weeks
- Zygote is formed when a sperm cell fertilizes an ovum
- Rapid cell division occurs & cell mass migrates to the uterus
- Implants into the uterine wall & forms a placenta
- Embryonic Stage
- End of the 2nd week until 8th week
- Development of the placenta and the umbilical cord
- Vital organs and bodily systems emerge - heart, spine, brain
- Foetal Stage
- Lasts from 8 weeks to birth
- Muscles & bones begin to form
- Sex organs develop
- Brain cells multiply
- Zone of viability is reached around 26 weeks - baby can survive if born prematurely
- Germinal Stage
- Factors influencing prenatal development
- Maternal Stress and Emotion
- Hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine, adreno-corticotropic hormone)
- Effects on blood pressure, immune system
- Maternal Nutrition
- Can affect birth weight, development and long term health
- Maternal Illness & Psychopathology
- Illness poses a high risk for damaging brain development and leads to intellectual & other disorders
- Examples Rubella, Syphilis, HIV
- Maternal Drug Use
- Alcohol
- Smaller, low birth weight
- Higher risk of miscarriage
- Smoking
- Smaller, low birth weight
- Higher risk of miscarriage
- Other Substances
- Prescription & over-the-counter drugs
- Alcohol
- Genetic Disorders
- Gene abnormalities
- Chromosome abnormalities
- Environmental Toxins
- Culture influences thoughts and decisions around pregnancy & child-rearing
- Miscarriages
- Changes in family structure over time
- Environmental toxins - air pollution, radioactivity
- Maternal Stress and Emotion
Neonatal Period
- Spans first 2-4 weeks after birth
- Transition from the womb to independent breathing & feeding
- Neonates are more competent than believed
- Display 20+ reflexes
- Involuntary responses to specific stimuli
- Important for survival
- Rooting
- Sucking
- Swallowing
- Absence of reflexes may indicate neurological problems
- Perceptual Development
- Taste & Smell
- Well developed sense of smell
- Distinguish between different smells
- Preference for sweet tastes
- Hearing
- Distinguish human speech from other sounds
- Distinguish between human speech sounds
- Preference for mother's voice
- Baby talk directed towards them
- Vision
- Present at birth
- Certain parts of the eye and visual cortex are not fully developed
- Cannot focus properly - blurry vision
- Actively scan surroundings
- Can see objects about 21cm away
- Preference for faces, patterns and high contrast patterns
- Taste & Smell
Preschool Period
- Characterised by Rapid growth during the first 2 years of life, slower growth between 2 & 6 years
- Growth follows:
- Cephalocaudal Trend
- From head downward
- Trunk grows fastest in the 1st year
- Gain control over muscles of head & neck, then arms & abdomen, followed by legs
- Birth weight doubles by 4-6 months, triples by the end of the year
- Body proportions change
- At 2 years - head is 1/4 total body size, by 5.5 years it's 1/6th
- Brain increases in size from 25% of adult weight at birth to 50% at 1 year old
- Brain & nervous system develop denser neural networks
- Ability to acquire information increases
- Genetics & environment influence growth
- Malnutrition stunts brain growth & cognitive development
- Very physically active
- Improve gross and fine motor skills
- Gross motor - large body movements - walking, running, hopping
- Fine motor - small body movements - handling a spoon, writing
- Proximodistal Trend
- From the centre outward
- Gross motor develops faster than fine motor
- Preference for right or left hand begins around 2 years
- Established by age 5-6
- Environmental factors can stunt development
- Malnutrition associated with stunted physical growth, reduced activity levels & delays in maturation & learning
- Cephalocaudal Trend
Middle Childhood (6- Puberty)
- Slower average growth rate
- Increase in strength, coordination and muscle control
- Improvement in gross and fine motor skills
- Improvement in motor-perceptual functioning (hand-eye coordination)
- 3 main environmental influences
- Quality of care
- Nutrition
- Illness
- Brain continues to grow in both structure and function
- Growth spurt between 5 & 7 years in frontal lobes and their connections to other parts of the brain
- Frontal lobe development is important for planning, sequential organisation of thoughts and actions
Adolescence
- Puberty marks the beginning of adolescence
- Puberty is where sexual functions reach maturity
- Seen as a troublesome stage of development
- "Storm and Stress" - natural moodiness of adolescents
- New theories suggest adolescence is not necessarily traumatic or a time of upheaval
- Adolescence may take different forms across cultures, families & individuals
- Personality Development
- Freud
- Foundation of personality laid down by age 5
- Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Theory of Development
- Early childhood experiences leave a permanent stamp on adult personality
- Develops across the lifespan and how social experiences play a role
- 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development
- Each stage builds on the previous one and paves the way for future development
- Freud
- Parenting Styles
- Baumrind identified 3 main styles of parenting
- Authoritarian
- Strict, demanding, little warmth
- Punitive
- Permissive
- Warm and nurturing
- Few demands and rules are not enforced
- Authoritative
- High expectations but are nurturing and responsive
- Clear rules and expectations
- Encourage independence and responsibility
- Authoritarian
- Baumrind identified 3 main styles of parenting
- Cognitive Development
- Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
- 4 Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years)
- Infants explore the world through their senses and motor actions
- Object permanence develops at the end of this stage
- Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)
- Children use symbols (words and images) and begin to develop language
- Egocentrism is present - difficulty taking other's perspectives
- Animism - belief that all things are living like themselves
- Lack conservation - quantities remain the same regardless of change in appearance
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)
- Can perform mental operations with concrete objects
- Mastery of conservation
- Hierarchical classification
- Thinking becomes less egocentric
- Features of concrete operational thought
- Conservation
- Reversibility
- Compensation
- Decentration
- Seriation
- Transitivity
- Formal Operational Stage (11 years onwards)
- Abstract thinking develops
- Can solve hypothetical problems
- Can think systematically and test hypotheses
- Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years)
- 4 Stages of Cognitive Development
- Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
- Language Development
- At birth, undifferentiated crying to communicate needs
- After the first month, caregivers can distinguish cries of pain, hunger, discomfort, tiredness, boredom
- 6-8 weeks, babies start making cooing sounds
- Around 4 months, babies utter consonant-vowel combinations in long strings
- 6-7 months, babbling starts to resemble home language
- Most children utter their first word at about 12 months
- Start with holo-phrases - one-word sentences to convey meaning
- Vocabulary increases to about 50 words by 18 months
- Around 24 months, babies use telegraphic speech - only the necessary words to communicate meaning
- From 3-6 years, vocabulary and sentence length increase
- By age 6 children use all parts of speech
- Vocabulary spurt at 6 years - 10,000 words
- Vocabulary increases to 40,000 words by age 10
Attachment Theory (Bowlby)
- Infants develop strong emotional bonds to their caregivers
- Secure Attachment
- Explore comfortably when a caregiver is present
- Upset when they leave
- Calm quickly when they return
- Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment
- Upset by a caregiver's departure
- Protest excessively when they leave
- Not particularly comforted when they return
- Ambivalent behaviour
- Avoidant Attachment
- Seek little contact with their caregiver
- Not distracted when they leave
- Appear independent and self-sufficient
- Disorganised Attachment
- Show confusion about whether to approach the caregiver.
- Marked fear of their caregiver
- Infants whose behaviour does not fit the other categories
Defining Psychopathology
- Maladaptive behavior is a defining feature of abnormal behavior.
- Not all deviant behavior is considered maladaptive, as some deviant behavior may not cause harm.
- All maladaptive behavior, however, is deviant because it deviates from societal norms and standards.
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Description
Explore the fascinating stages of prenatal development in this quiz. Learn about the germinal, embryonic, and foetal stages, along with key developments and factors influencing growth. Understand how critical changes occur from conception to birth.
