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Questions and Answers

What condition is almost certain to cause deafness and heart defects in babies?

  • Gestational Diabetes
  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
  • Rubella (correct)

    • Which developmental issue is NOT directly associated with infants and toddlerhood?

  • Hope
  • Aspiration of meconium (correct)
  • Mistrust
  • Compulsiveness

    • What is a common effect of opioid exposure during fetal development?

  • Heart defects
  • Increased irritability
  • Deafness
  • Small sized babies (correct)

    • Which substance is linked to slightly increased risk for miscarriage, stillbirth, and low birth weight?

    <p>Caffeine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a documented effect of cocaine on fetal development?

    <p>Heart defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible result for babies born to mothers exposed to low levels of environmental toxins?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is strongly associated with more irritable and active temperament in newborns?

    <p>Stress and anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does successful navigation of the infancy development stage most likely lead to?

    <p>Trust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which developmental issue is characterized by shameful willfulness and reckless behavior in toddlers?

    <p>Impulsiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common result of maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy?

    <p>Low birth weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is critical for preventing Respiratory Distress Syndrome in preterm infants?

    <p>Surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of postmature babies?

    <p>Insufficient blood supply toward the end of gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the sudden unexplained death of an infant under age 1?

    <p>Sudden Infant Death Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do you call a miscarriage that occurs after 20 weeks of gestation?

    <p>Stillbirth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period are the effects of teratogens most severe?

    <p>Critical period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neural tube defect is characterized by the spinal cord not being fully encased in the protective covering?

    <p>Spina Bifida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug was historically used to relieve morning sickness but caused severe birth defects?

    <p>Thalidomide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk factor for low-birth-weight babies?

    <p>Maternal smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following deficiencies is commonly associated with neural tube defects?

    <p>Folic Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What developmental complication is associated with alcohol affecting hormone functions of the placenta?

    <p>Fetal growth restriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants begin to pay attention to their mirror image?

    <p>3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of 'committed compliance'?

    <p>Children follow parental requests without direct intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'receptive cooperation' according to child development?

    <p>Eager willingness to cooperate with a parent in a variety of daily interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what developmental stage do children focus on controlling bowel movements?

    <p>Anal Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kohlberg, how do children search for gender cues?

    <p>By actively searching for cues about gender in their social world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory emphasizes that children extract knowledge about gender from their environment?

    <p>Gender-Schema Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age range is associated with the formation of gender identity?

    <p>2-3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept describes a child's realization that gender remains the same regardless of changes in appearance or activities?

    <p>Gender Constancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the virtue developed during the 'Initiative versus Guilt' crisis in early childhood?

    <p>Purpose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes children developing habits, skills, values, and motives to become responsible societal members?

    <p>Socialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which significant people influence a child's sense of industry?

    <p>Neighborhood and school</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for voluntary control of emotions, attention, and behavior in children?

    <p>Emotional self-regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maladaptive tendency in Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority?

    <p>Narrow virtuosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavior involves feelings such as anxiety, fear, depression, and anger turned inward?

    <p>Internalizing behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of family configuration is generally more beneficial for children's development?

    <p>Continuously married two-parent families</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does high-quality parenting have on children living in poverty?

    <p>Buffers potential negative consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavioral outcome might children exposed to high family conflict exhibit?

    <p>Both internalizing and externalizing behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon called when children and parents share power?

    <p>Coregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do children typically feel when parents use inductive techniques as a form of discipline?

    <p>More likely to follow parents' wishes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'narrow virtuosity' in Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

    <p>Limiting children to one area of competence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of aggression is proactive and often sees force and coercion as effective means?

    <p>Instrumental aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of unpopular children?

    <p>Can make friends but tend to have fewer friends and prefer younger ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does fidelity refer to during adolescence?

    <p>Sustained loyalty and a sense of belonging to loved ones, friends or companions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hostile attributional bias typically result in?

    <p>Quickly concluding that others act with ill intent and striking out in retaliation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What period allows young people the opportunity to search for commitments they could be faithful to during adolescence?

    <p>Psychosocial Moratorium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the inability to develop fidelity during adolescence result in?

    <p>An unstable sense of self, insecure, and failure to plan for the future</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the given information, which group of children is frequently nominated both as best friend and most disliked?

    <p>Controversial children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major concern about adolescent sexual activity?

    <p>Risks of contracting STIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age range is associated with the crisis of Identity/Role Confusion?

    <p>14-20 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the information provided, what kind of children are disliked by their peers?

    <p>Rejected children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Ego Resiliency?

    <p>The ability to adapt flexibly and resourcefully to potential sources of stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect involves adjusting cognitive structures to align with encountered experiences?

    <p>Identity Accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can the departure of children generally lead to in a good marriage?

    <p>Increased marital satisfaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes adults balancing love and duty to their parents with their own autonomy?

    <p>Filial Crisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term relates to an increase in positive emotions from early adulthood to old age?

    <p>Generativity Scripts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the state where older adults cannot care for themselves?

    <p>Frail Elderly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of Developmental Deadlines?

    <p>Time constraints on life achievements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory posits that aging may be influenced by genes 'switching off' after age-related losses?

    <p>Programmed Senescence Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Respite Care provide?

    <p>Rest for caregivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, when do adults experience Identity Assimilation?

    <p>When they hold onto a consistent sense of self despite new experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is most likely to contribute to the general slowing of health in aging?

    <p>Dendritic loss at the neuronal level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do older adults tend to have more difficulty with switching attention?

    <p>Loss of white matter in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is most likely to deteriorate with age?

    <p>Episodic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does procedural memory involve?

    <p>Motor skills and habits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common explanation for language problems in older adults?

    <p>Problems accessing and retrieving information from memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which broad category of retirement resource is related to job stress?

    <p>Pre-retirement job-related variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feeling during the 'Disenchantment Phase' of retirement?

    <p>Restlessness and boredom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virtue is developed during the middle adulthood stage according to the generativity vs. stagnation crisis?

    <p>Care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which retirement living arrangement type includes shared housing?

    <p>Congregate Housing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence for individuals who fail to achieve generativity?

    <p>Becoming self-absorbed and stagnant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is social death?

    <p>A person no longer being treated as a living being by others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of palliative care?

    <p>Relieving pain and suffering, controlling symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of retirement do individuals redefine themselves and find new purpose?

    <p>Reorientation Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does terminal drop or terminal decline refer to?

    <p>A significant decline in cognitive abilities shortly before death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does the transition to middle adulthood typically last according to Levinson?

    <p>Five years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of unemployment on personality traits in middle adulthood?

    <p>Decreases agreeableness and conscientiousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is often associated with greater generativity in men?

    <p>Having a child early in life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior is characteristic of the maladaptive tendency 'Overextension'?

    <p>Persistently working without rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which emotional downside is commonly experienced during the Disenchantment Phase of retirement?

    <p>Loneliness and disillusionment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should individuals transitioning to retirement ensure concerning their finances?

    <p>They are financially on track</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of recentering is an individual marked by independence from the family of origin with commitments to career, partner, and possibly children?

    <p>Stage 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What virtue is developed during the crisis of 'Intimacy vs. Isolation' in young adulthood according to Erikson?

    <p>Love</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Timing-of-Events Model, what determines the course of development?

    <p>When certain events occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trait is NOT part of McCrae's Five-Factor Model?

    <p>Anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attachment style is characterized by a positive view of relationships and an ease of getting close to others?

    <p>Secure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the phenomenon of being overly intimate too freely and too easily?

    <p>Promiscuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'moratorium' in emerging adulthood refer to?

    <p>A time-out from developmental pressures to experiment various roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach complements and expands trait research by examining personality functioning as a whole?

    <p>Typological Approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals who are shy, quiet, anxious, dependable, and tend to keep thoughts to themselves fall under which personality type?

    <p>Overcontrolled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of recentering does an individual remain connected to but not embedded within the family of origin?

    <p>Stage 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biological theory of aging suggests that a decline in immune system functions leads to increased vulnerability to infectious diseases?

    <p>Immunological Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory of aging is characterized by the body's accumulation of damage from oxygen radicals leading to a cessation of proper organ function?

    <p>Free-Radical Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Erik Erikson, the crisis faced in late adulthood is termed as:

    <p>Ego Integrity vs. Despair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that people age better if they maintain the greatest possible level of activity and involvement in numerous roles?

    <p>Activity Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biological theory of aging proposes that undesirable chemical bonds form between proteins and fats in older adults, impairing cellular function?

    <p>Cross-Linking Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory of aging involves selective optimization with compensation?

    <p>Selective Optimization with Compensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Rate-of-Living Theory suggests that:

    <p>A higher metabolic rate results in a shorter lifespan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What virtue is developed in late adulthood according to Erikson's theory?

    <p>Wisdom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Evolutionary Theory of aging propose?

    <p>Aging is an evolved trait where genes promoting reproduction are selected more than those extending life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory claims that psychological and physical decline in aging is normal and involves a gradual withdrawal from social involvement?

    <p>Disengagement Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Prenatal Development

    • Prenatal Care: Holding the preterm baby against the parent's bare chest helps to stabilize the baby's heartbeat, temperature, and breathing.
    • Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A lack of surfactant (a lung-coating substance) can cause air sacs to collapse, leading to respiratory distress.
    • Postmature Babies: Babies born after the due date tend to be long and thin due to insufficient blood supply towards the end of gestation.
    • Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS): The sudden death of an infant under one year old, with no clear cause of death.

    Critical Issues in Prenatal Development

    • Miscarriages: Short-lived pregnancies, also known as spontaneous abortions, which can occur before 20 weeks of gestation.
    • Stillbirth: A miscarriage that occurs after 20 weeks of gestation.
    • Teratogens: Environmental agents that can interfere with normal prenatal development, such as substances, radiation, or maternal disease.
    • Teratology: The field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects.
    • Critical Period: A time during which the developing organism is especially sensitive to environmental influences, positive or negative.

    Factors Affecting Prenatal Development

    • Nutrition: Omega-3, DHA, and folic acid are essential for the development of the nervous system.
    • Exercise: Moderate exercise is recommended to reduce back pain, risks for gestational diabetes, and other complications.
    • Substances: Tobacco, alcohol, and other substances can harm fetal development, increasing the risk of miscarriage, prematurity, and birth defects.

    Effects of Substances on Fetal Development

    • Alcohol: Can cause spontaneous abortion, premature detachment of the placenta, and fetal malnourishment.
    • Cocaine: Can cause spontaneous abortion, premature detachment of the placenta, and fetal malnourishment.
    • Opioids: Associated with small babies, fetal death, preterm labor, and aspiration of meconium.
    • Caffeine: May increase the risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, and low birth weight.
    • Rubella: Can cause deafness and heart defects in babies.
    • Toxoplasmosis: Can cause fetal brain damage, severely impaired eyesight, seizures, and miscarriage.

    Developmental Issues

    • Infancy and Toddlerhood: The first developmental challenge involves forming a basic sense of trust versus mistrust.
    • Early Childhood: Children develop a sense of initiative and industry, and learn to balance autonomy with self-control.
    • Adolescence: A time of exploration and identity formation, marked by the development of a sense of fidelity.

    Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

    • Trust vs. Mistrust: The first stage, occurring in infancy, where the child develops a sense of trust or mistrust.
    • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: The second stage, occurring in early childhood, where the child develops a sense of autonomy or shame and doubt.
    • Initiative vs. Guilt: The third stage, occurring in early childhood, where the child develops a sense of initiative or guilt.
    • Industry vs. Inferiority: The fourth stage, occurring in middle childhood, where the child develops a sense of industry or inferiority.
    • Identity vs. Role Confusion: The fifth stage, occurring in adolescence, where the child develops a sense of identity or role confusion.

    Adolescence

    • Identity Formation: The process of exploring and forming a coherent sense of self.
    • Fidelity: Sustained loyalty, faith, or a sense of belonging to a loved one, friends, or companions.
    • Crisis: A period of conscious decision-making, marked by the development of a sense of identity or role confusion.

    Young Adulthood

    • Emerging Adulthood: A stage of development, typically occurring between 20 and 30 years old, characterized by exploration and experimentation.
    • Moratorium: A period of freedom from developmental pressures, allowing young adults to explore various roles and lifestyles.
    • Recentering: The process of shifting to an adult identity, marked by a sense of independence and commitment to a career, partner, and possibly children.### Isolation and Love
    • According to Erikson, adults who cannot make deep personal commitments to others risk becoming overly isolated and self-absorbed.
    • Love is a mutual devotion between partners who have chosen to share their lives and have children.
    • Maladaptive tendency: Promiscuity (becoming intimate too freely, too easily)
    • Malignant tendency: Exclusion (isolating oneself from everyone)

    Developmental Stages

    • Middle Adulthood:
      • Conscientiousness is the highest
      • Unemployment decreases agreeableness and conscientiousness
      • Middle-aged men who remarry tend to be less neurotic
    • Late Adulthood:
      • Age groups: Young Old (60-75), Old-Old (75-85), Oldest Old (85 and older)
      • The optimistic view of old age seems to help protect older adults against the long-term effects of serious health threats like stroke.

    Attachment Styles

    • Three attachment styles:
      • Secure: Have positive views of relationships, find it easy to get close to others, and are not overly concerned about romantic relationships.
      • Avoidant: Hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships and once they do, they distance themselves from their partners.
      • Anxious: Demand closeness, are less trusting, more emotional, jealous, and possessive.

    Theories of Biological Aging

    • Hayflick Limit: Cells simply lose their capacity to replicate themselves.
    • Telomeres become shorter as the cell divides.
    • Programmed Senescence Theory: Aging may be influenced by specific genes "switching off" after age-related losses occur.

    Retirement

    • Imagining ideal retirement: Assess finances, health, and support network.
    • Stages of retirement:
      • Honeymoon phase: Enjoy newfound freedom and set realistic expectations.
      • Disenchantment phase: Feel restless, aimless, and bored.
      • Reorientation phase: Redefine oneself and find new purpose.
      • Stability phase: Grow and settle into a new identity.

    Generativity

    • Involves finding meaning through contributing to society and leaving a legacy.
    • Associated with prosocial behaviors.
    • Crisis: Generativity vs. Stagnation.
    • Virtue developed: Care.

    Midlife Crisis

    • Changes in personality and lifestyle during middle forties.
    • Many people realize they will not be able to fulfill the dreams of their youth, or that fulfillment of their own mortality.
    • Triggered by major life events, normative changes, or a new understanding of past experiences.

    Theories of Aging

    • Biological Theories:
      • Endocrine Theory: Biological clocks act through hormones to control the pace of aging.
      • Immunological Theory: Programmed decline in immune system functions leads to increased vulnerability to infectious disease and thus to aging and death.
    • Psychological Theories:
      • Activity Theory: Psychologically and physically healthiest response to old age is to maintain the greatest possible level of activity and involvement.
      • Disengagement Theory: Aging has three aspects: Shrinkage of life space, increased individuality, and acceptance of these changes.
      • Continuity Theory: Primary means by which elders adjust to aging is engaging in the same kinds of activities that interested and challenged them in their earlier years.

    Ego Integrity vs. Despair

    • Crisis: Ego Integrity vs. Despair.
    • Virtue developed: Wisdom.
    • Wisdom: Informed and detached concern with life itself in the face of death itself.

    Other Factors

    • Stability declines in late adulthood.
    • Personality traits influence behavior, and behavior influences health.
    • In general, older adults have fewer mental disorders and are happier and more satisfied with life than younger adults.
    • Happiness tends to be high in early adulthood, declines until people reach 50 years of age, and then increases again.

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    Description

    This quiz covers various aspects of prenatal development, respiratory distress syndrome, postmature babies, and sudden infant death syndrome.

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