100 Questions
What condition is almost certain to cause deafness and heart defects in babies?
Rubella
Which developmental issue is NOT directly associated with infants and toddlerhood?
Aspiration of meconium
What is a common effect of opioid exposure during fetal development?
Small sized babies
Which substance is linked to slightly increased risk for miscarriage, stillbirth, and low birth weight?
Caffeine
Which of the following is NOT a documented effect of cocaine on fetal development?
Heart defects
What is a possible result for babies born to mothers exposed to low levels of environmental toxins?
Asthma
Which factor is strongly associated with more irritable and active temperament in newborns?
Stress and anxiety
What does successful navigation of the infancy development stage most likely lead to?
Trust
Which developmental issue is characterized by shameful willfulness and reckless behavior in toddlers?
Impulsiveness
What is a common result of maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy?
Low birth weight
What substance is critical for preventing Respiratory Distress Syndrome in preterm infants?
Surfactant
Which of the following is a characteristic of postmature babies?
Insufficient blood supply toward the end of gestation
What is the term used for the sudden unexplained death of an infant under age 1?
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
What do you call a miscarriage that occurs after 20 weeks of gestation?
Stillbirth
During which period are the effects of teratogens most severe?
Critical period
Which neural tube defect is characterized by the spinal cord not being fully encased in the protective covering?
Spina Bifida
Which drug was historically used to relieve morning sickness but caused severe birth defects?
Thalidomide
What is a significant risk factor for low-birth-weight babies?
Maternal smoking
Which of the following deficiencies is commonly associated with neural tube defects?
Folic Acid
What developmental complication is associated with alcohol affecting hormone functions of the placenta?
Fetal growth restriction
At what age do infants begin to pay attention to their mirror image?
3 months
Which of the following best describes the concept of 'committed compliance'?
Children follow parental requests without direct intervention
What is 'receptive cooperation' according to child development?
Eager willingness to cooperate with a parent in a variety of daily interactions
At what developmental stage do children focus on controlling bowel movements?
Anal Stage
According to Kohlberg, how do children search for gender cues?
By actively searching for cues about gender in their social world
Which theory emphasizes that children extract knowledge about gender from their environment?
Gender-Schema Theory
What age range is associated with the formation of gender identity?
2-3 years
Which concept describes a child's realization that gender remains the same regardless of changes in appearance or activities?
Gender Constancy
What is the virtue developed during the 'Initiative versus Guilt' crisis in early childhood?
Purpose
Which term describes children developing habits, skills, values, and motives to become responsible societal members?
Socialization
In Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which significant people influence a child's sense of industry?
Neighborhood and school
What is the term for voluntary control of emotions, attention, and behavior in children?
Emotional self-regulation
What is the maladaptive tendency in Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority?
Narrow virtuosity
Which behavior involves feelings such as anxiety, fear, depression, and anger turned inward?
Internalizing behaviors
Which type of family configuration is generally more beneficial for children's development?
Continuously married two-parent families
What impact does high-quality parenting have on children living in poverty?
Buffers potential negative consequences
What behavioral outcome might children exposed to high family conflict exhibit?
Both internalizing and externalizing behaviors
What is the phenomenon called when children and parents share power?
Coregulation
How do children typically feel when parents use inductive techniques as a form of discipline?
More likely to follow parents' wishes
What is 'narrow virtuosity' in Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
Limiting children to one area of competence
Which type of aggression is proactive and often sees force and coercion as effective means?
Instrumental aggression
What is the primary characteristic of unpopular children?
Can make friends but tend to have fewer friends and prefer younger ones
What does fidelity refer to during adolescence?
Sustained loyalty and a sense of belonging to loved ones, friends or companions
What does hostile attributional bias typically result in?
Quickly concluding that others act with ill intent and striking out in retaliation
What period allows young people the opportunity to search for commitments they could be faithful to during adolescence?
Psychosocial Moratorium
What does the inability to develop fidelity during adolescence result in?
An unstable sense of self, insecure, and failure to plan for the future
According to the given information, which group of children is frequently nominated both as best friend and most disliked?
Controversial children
Which of the following is a major concern about adolescent sexual activity?
Risks of contracting STIs
What age range is associated with the crisis of Identity/Role Confusion?
14-20 years
According to the information provided, what kind of children are disliked by their peers?
Rejected children
What is Ego Resiliency?
The ability to adapt flexibly and resourcefully to potential sources of stress.
Which aspect involves adjusting cognitive structures to align with encountered experiences?
Identity Accommodation
What can the departure of children generally lead to in a good marriage?
Increased marital satisfaction
Which term describes adults balancing love and duty to their parents with their own autonomy?
Filial Crisis
What term relates to an increase in positive emotions from early adulthood to old age?
Generativity Scripts
What term describes the state where older adults cannot care for themselves?
Frail Elderly
What is an example of Developmental Deadlines?
Time constraints on life achievements
Which theory posits that aging may be influenced by genes 'switching off' after age-related losses?
Programmed Senescence Theory
What does Respite Care provide?
Rest for caregivers
According to the content, when do adults experience Identity Assimilation?
When they hold onto a consistent sense of self despite new experiences.
What is most likely to contribute to the general slowing of health in aging?
Dendritic loss at the neuronal level
Why do older adults tend to have more difficulty with switching attention?
Loss of white matter in the brain
Which type of memory is most likely to deteriorate with age?
Episodic memory
What does procedural memory involve?
Motor skills and habits
What is a common explanation for language problems in older adults?
Problems accessing and retrieving information from memory
Which broad category of retirement resource is related to job stress?
Pre-retirement job-related variables
What is a common feeling during the 'Disenchantment Phase' of retirement?
Restlessness and boredom
Which virtue is developed during the middle adulthood stage according to the generativity vs. stagnation crisis?
Care
Which retirement living arrangement type includes shared housing?
Congregate Housing
What is a potential consequence for individuals who fail to achieve generativity?
Becoming self-absorbed and stagnant
What is social death?
A person no longer being treated as a living being by others
What is the focus of palliative care?
Relieving pain and suffering, controlling symptoms
During which phase of retirement do individuals redefine themselves and find new purpose?
Reorientation Phase
What does terminal drop or terminal decline refer to?
A significant decline in cognitive abilities shortly before death
How long does the transition to middle adulthood typically last according to Levinson?
Five years
What is the impact of unemployment on personality traits in middle adulthood?
Decreases agreeableness and conscientiousness
Which of the following is often associated with greater generativity in men?
Having a child early in life
What behavior is characteristic of the maladaptive tendency 'Overextension'?
Persistently working without rest
Which emotional downside is commonly experienced during the Disenchantment Phase of retirement?
Loneliness and disillusionment
What should individuals transitioning to retirement ensure concerning their finances?
They are financially on track
During which stage of recentering is an individual marked by independence from the family of origin with commitments to career, partner, and possibly children?
Stage 3
What virtue is developed during the crisis of 'Intimacy vs. Isolation' in young adulthood according to Erikson?
Love
According to the Timing-of-Events Model, what determines the course of development?
When certain events occur
What trait is NOT part of McCrae's Five-Factor Model?
Anxiety
Which attachment style is characterized by a positive view of relationships and an ease of getting close to others?
Secure
Which term describes the phenomenon of being overly intimate too freely and too easily?
Promiscuity
What does the term 'moratorium' in emerging adulthood refer to?
A time-out from developmental pressures to experiment various roles
Which approach complements and expands trait research by examining personality functioning as a whole?
Typological Approach
Individuals who are shy, quiet, anxious, dependable, and tend to keep thoughts to themselves fall under which personality type?
Overcontrolled
In which stage of recentering does an individual remain connected to but not embedded within the family of origin?
Stage 2
Which biological theory of aging suggests that a decline in immune system functions leads to increased vulnerability to infectious diseases?
Immunological Theory
Which theory of aging is characterized by the body's accumulation of damage from oxygen radicals leading to a cessation of proper organ function?
Free-Radical Theory
According to Erik Erikson, the crisis faced in late adulthood is termed as:
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Which theory suggests that people age better if they maintain the greatest possible level of activity and involvement in numerous roles?
Activity Theory
Which biological theory of aging proposes that undesirable chemical bonds form between proteins and fats in older adults, impairing cellular function?
Cross-Linking Theory
Which theory of aging involves selective optimization with compensation?
Selective Optimization with Compensation
The Rate-of-Living Theory suggests that:
A higher metabolic rate results in a shorter lifespan
What virtue is developed in late adulthood according to Erikson's theory?
Wisdom
What does the Evolutionary Theory of aging propose?
Aging is an evolved trait where genes promoting reproduction are selected more than those extending life
Which theory claims that psychological and physical decline in aging is normal and involves a gradual withdrawal from social involvement?
Disengagement Theory
Study Notes
Prenatal Development
- Prenatal Care: Holding the preterm baby against the parent's bare chest helps to stabilize the baby's heartbeat, temperature, and breathing.
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A lack of surfactant (a lung-coating substance) can cause air sacs to collapse, leading to respiratory distress.
- Postmature Babies: Babies born after the due date tend to be long and thin due to insufficient blood supply towards the end of gestation.
- Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS): The sudden death of an infant under one year old, with no clear cause of death.
Critical Issues in Prenatal Development
- Miscarriages: Short-lived pregnancies, also known as spontaneous abortions, which can occur before 20 weeks of gestation.
- Stillbirth: A miscarriage that occurs after 20 weeks of gestation.
- Teratogens: Environmental agents that can interfere with normal prenatal development, such as substances, radiation, or maternal disease.
- Teratology: The field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects.
- Critical Period: A time during which the developing organism is especially sensitive to environmental influences, positive or negative.
Factors Affecting Prenatal Development
- Nutrition: Omega-3, DHA, and folic acid are essential for the development of the nervous system.
- Exercise: Moderate exercise is recommended to reduce back pain, risks for gestational diabetes, and other complications.
- Substances: Tobacco, alcohol, and other substances can harm fetal development, increasing the risk of miscarriage, prematurity, and birth defects.
Effects of Substances on Fetal Development
- Alcohol: Can cause spontaneous abortion, premature detachment of the placenta, and fetal malnourishment.
- Cocaine: Can cause spontaneous abortion, premature detachment of the placenta, and fetal malnourishment.
- Opioids: Associated with small babies, fetal death, preterm labor, and aspiration of meconium.
- Caffeine: May increase the risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, and low birth weight.
- Rubella: Can cause deafness and heart defects in babies.
- Toxoplasmosis: Can cause fetal brain damage, severely impaired eyesight, seizures, and miscarriage.
Developmental Issues
- Infancy and Toddlerhood: The first developmental challenge involves forming a basic sense of trust versus mistrust.
- Early Childhood: Children develop a sense of initiative and industry, and learn to balance autonomy with self-control.
- Adolescence: A time of exploration and identity formation, marked by the development of a sense of fidelity.
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
- Trust vs. Mistrust: The first stage, occurring in infancy, where the child develops a sense of trust or mistrust.
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: The second stage, occurring in early childhood, where the child develops a sense of autonomy or shame and doubt.
- Initiative vs. Guilt: The third stage, occurring in early childhood, where the child develops a sense of initiative or guilt.
- Industry vs. Inferiority: The fourth stage, occurring in middle childhood, where the child develops a sense of industry or inferiority.
- Identity vs. Role Confusion: The fifth stage, occurring in adolescence, where the child develops a sense of identity or role confusion.
Adolescence
- Identity Formation: The process of exploring and forming a coherent sense of self.
- Fidelity: Sustained loyalty, faith, or a sense of belonging to a loved one, friends, or companions.
- Crisis: A period of conscious decision-making, marked by the development of a sense of identity or role confusion.
Young Adulthood
- Emerging Adulthood: A stage of development, typically occurring between 20 and 30 years old, characterized by exploration and experimentation.
- Moratorium: A period of freedom from developmental pressures, allowing young adults to explore various roles and lifestyles.
- Recentering: The process of shifting to an adult identity, marked by a sense of independence and commitment to a career, partner, and possibly children.### Isolation and Love
- According to Erikson, adults who cannot make deep personal commitments to others risk becoming overly isolated and self-absorbed.
- Love is a mutual devotion between partners who have chosen to share their lives and have children.
- Maladaptive tendency: Promiscuity (becoming intimate too freely, too easily)
- Malignant tendency: Exclusion (isolating oneself from everyone)
Developmental Stages
- Middle Adulthood:
- Conscientiousness is the highest
- Unemployment decreases agreeableness and conscientiousness
- Middle-aged men who remarry tend to be less neurotic
- Late Adulthood:
- Age groups: Young Old (60-75), Old-Old (75-85), Oldest Old (85 and older)
- The optimistic view of old age seems to help protect older adults against the long-term effects of serious health threats like stroke.
Attachment Styles
- Three attachment styles:
- Secure: Have positive views of relationships, find it easy to get close to others, and are not overly concerned about romantic relationships.
- Avoidant: Hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships and once they do, they distance themselves from their partners.
- Anxious: Demand closeness, are less trusting, more emotional, jealous, and possessive.
Theories of Biological Aging
- Hayflick Limit: Cells simply lose their capacity to replicate themselves.
- Telomeres become shorter as the cell divides.
- Programmed Senescence Theory: Aging may be influenced by specific genes "switching off" after age-related losses occur.
Retirement
- Imagining ideal retirement: Assess finances, health, and support network.
- Stages of retirement:
- Honeymoon phase: Enjoy newfound freedom and set realistic expectations.
- Disenchantment phase: Feel restless, aimless, and bored.
- Reorientation phase: Redefine oneself and find new purpose.
- Stability phase: Grow and settle into a new identity.
Generativity
- Involves finding meaning through contributing to society and leaving a legacy.
- Associated with prosocial behaviors.
- Crisis: Generativity vs. Stagnation.
- Virtue developed: Care.
Midlife Crisis
- Changes in personality and lifestyle during middle forties.
- Many people realize they will not be able to fulfill the dreams of their youth, or that fulfillment of their own mortality.
- Triggered by major life events, normative changes, or a new understanding of past experiences.
Theories of Aging
- Biological Theories:
- Endocrine Theory: Biological clocks act through hormones to control the pace of aging.
- Immunological Theory: Programmed decline in immune system functions leads to increased vulnerability to infectious disease and thus to aging and death.
- Psychological Theories:
- Activity Theory: Psychologically and physically healthiest response to old age is to maintain the greatest possible level of activity and involvement.
- Disengagement Theory: Aging has three aspects: Shrinkage of life space, increased individuality, and acceptance of these changes.
- Continuity Theory: Primary means by which elders adjust to aging is engaging in the same kinds of activities that interested and challenged them in their earlier years.
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
- Crisis: Ego Integrity vs. Despair.
- Virtue developed: Wisdom.
- Wisdom: Informed and detached concern with life itself in the face of death itself.
Other Factors
- Stability declines in late adulthood.
- Personality traits influence behavior, and behavior influences health.
- In general, older adults have fewer mental disorders and are happier and more satisfied with life than younger adults.
- Happiness tends to be high in early adulthood, declines until people reach 50 years of age, and then increases again.
This quiz covers various aspects of prenatal development, respiratory distress syndrome, postmature babies, and sudden infant death syndrome.
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