Prenatal Considerations and Conception
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Questions and Answers

What is the period of prenatal development known as organogenesis?

  • 3rd to 8th week of pregnancy (correct)
  • 9th week of pregnancy to birth
  • 18 to 26 days after conception
  • 1st to 3rd week of pregnancy
  • During which weeks of gestation does sex differentiation begin?

  • 7th and 8th weeks (correct)
  • 9th and 10th weeks
  • 1st and 2nd weeks
  • 5th and 6th weeks
  • What role do the testes play in male reproductive system development?

  • They suppress the development of the male reproductive system.
  • They secrete testosterone that develops the male reproductive system. (correct)
  • They become the lining of the placenta.
  • They secrete hormones that stimulate uterine development.
  • What does fetal programming refer to?

    <p>The environmental events during pregnancy altering genetic expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can heart rate and movement patterns in fetuses influence neonatal behavior?

    <p>Matched heart rate and movement predict better behavioral regulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of prenatal alcohol exposure according to the content?

    <p>Differential susceptibility in fraternal twins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about active fetuses in relation to their newborn behavior?

    <p>They are usually difficult and unpredictable newborns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the inner cell mass of the blastocyst differentiated during the embryonic period?

    <p>It differentiates into the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average success rate of in vitro fertilization (IVF) using fresh eggs in women under 35?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor couples consider when deciding to have children?

    <p>Height of parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infertility is defined as:

    <p>Inability to get pregnant after a year of trying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period does the zygote become a blastocyst?

    <p>Germinal period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of pregnancies potentially result in miscarriage during the germinal period?

    <p>8% - 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the most common stressors for couples undergoing fertility treatments?

    <p>Financial burden of treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about couples without children is FALSE?

    <p>They have more support from family and friends.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fertility treatment involves the direct placement of sperm into a woman’s reproductive system?

    <p>Artificial insemination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Prenatal Considerations

    • The decision of having children is an important one, and many couples carefully consider the timing of childbearing. More than 50% of pregnancies in the US are planned.
    • Choosing to remain childless can be an active choice, or can occur passively.
    • Childless couples report greater marital satisfaction, more freedom, and higher standards of living.
    • The cost of child-rearing is a major consideration in the decision to have children.

    Conception

    • Conception happens when the sperm and egg genetic material unite to form a zygote.
    • Infertility is a significant issue affecting 1 in 4 couples.
    • Infertility is defined as not being able to get pregnant after a year of trying.
    • Men and women are equally likely to be the cause of infertility, and there are many contributing factors.

    Fertility Treatments

    • Fertility treatments include prescription drugs, artificial insemination, and in vitro fertilization.
    • IVF is costly, with each attempt estimated to cost between 12,000−12,000-12,000−15,000 (based on 2018 data).
    • The success rate of IVF using fresh eggs is approximately 25% overall, with a higher rate for women under 35 (40%) and a significantly lower rate for women between 43-44 (5%).

    Germinal Period

    • The first two weeks of pregnancy are known as the germinal period.
    • During this period, the zygote develops into a blastocyst (hollow ball of cells) and implants on the uterine wall (around day 6).
    • Miscarriages are common during this period (estimated 8%-50% of pregnancies).

    Embryonic Period

    • This stage lasts from the 3rd to 8th week of pregnancy.
    • Organogenesis and cell differentiation begin during this period.
    • The outer layer of the blastocyst forms the amnion (protective membrane) and chorion (becomes the placenta lining).
    • The interior cells become the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm which will give rise to different organs and tissues.

    Early Brain Development During Embryonic Period

    • Brain development begins between 18 and 26 days after conception.

    Sex Differentiation

    • Biological sex is determined at conception by the sperm, with XY resulting in testes and XX resulting in ovaries.
    • Sex differentiation begins during the 7th and 8th weeks of gestation.
    • Testes produce testosterone, leading to the development of the male reproductive system and suppressing female development.
    • In the absence of these hormones, a female reproductive system will develop.

    Fetal Period

    • This period extends from the 9th week of pregnancy to birth.
    • Major brain development occurs during this period:
      • Neurogenesis (new neuron production)
      • Neural migration (neurons move to their final location)
      • Synaptogenesis (formation of synapses)
    • Other key events during this period include:
      • Rapid increases in weight and size.
      • Formation of internal organs and systems.
      • Development of sensory capabilities, reflexes, and motor skills.

    Prenatal Influences on Infant Temperament & Behavior

    • Fetuses with matched heart rate and movement at 36 weeks gestation show better behavioral regulation at 2 weeks old.
    • Fetuses with slower and more variable heart rates exhibit higher levels of mental and language development in early childhood.
    • Active fetuses are often active, difficult, and unpredictable newborns.
    • Fetuses with organized behavior in the womb tend to exhibit less disrupted patterns at 3 months old.

    Prenatal Environment

    • Fetal programming refers to how environmental factors and maternal conditions during pregnancy can impact genetic expression and physiological functioning of the embryo/fetus.
    • Prenatal experiences can alter neural connections, physiology, and response to postnatal events and the environment.

    The Importance of Sensitive Periods

    • Sensitive periods are times when the brain is particularly susceptible to specific experiences.
    • Exposure to certain stimuli during these periods can have profound and lasting effects on development.

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    Description

    Explore the essential aspects of prenatal considerations, conception, and fertility treatments. This quiz discusses the decision-making process around childbearing, the challenges of infertility, and the various fertility treatments available. Test your understanding of these critical topics related to reproductive health.

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