Prehistory Eras

Prehistory

• Era before written records, spanning from the emergence of humans to the development of writing
• Divided into three periods:
  1. Paleolithic (Old Stone Age): 2.5 million - 10,000 BCE, characterized by nomadic hunter-gatherer societies
  2. Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age): 10,000 - 5,000 BCE, marked by the development of more complex societies
  3. Neolithic (New Stone Age): 5,000 - 2,000 BCE, saw the emergence of agriculture and settled communities

Ancient Civilizations

• Mesopotamia (Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians): 3,500 - 539 BCE, known for the development of writing (cuneiform) and the wheel
• Ancient Egypt: 3,100 - 30 BCE, famous for pyramids, mummies, and hieroglyphics
• Ancient Greece: 8th century - 146 BCE, made significant contributions to philosophy, theater, and democracy
• Ancient Rome: 753 BCE - 476 CE, expanded through conquests, developed the Latin language and law systems

Medieval Period

• Middle Ages: 5th - 15th century, characterized by feudalism, the rise of Christianity, and the decline of the Roman Empire
• The Crusades: 1095 - 1291, a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims
• The Black Death: 1346 - 1353, a pandemic that devastated Europe's population

Early Modern Period

• Renaissance: 14th - 17th century, marked by a cultural and intellectual revival in Europe
• Age of Exploration: 15th - 17th century, saw the discovery of the New World and the establishment of colonial empires
• The Enlightenment: 17th - 18th century, emphasized reason, individualism, and democracy

Modern Period

• Industrial Revolution: 18th - 19th century, transformed the economy and society through technological advancements
• Nationalism and Imperialism: 19th - early 20th century, led to the rise of nation-states and colonial empires
• World War I: 1914 - 1918, a global conflict that led to the redrawing of national borders
• World War II: 1939 - 1945, a global conflict that resulted in the defeat of the Axis powers and the formation of the United Nations

Contemporary Period

• Cold War: 1945 - 1991, a period of geopolitical tension and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union
• Globalization: late 20th century - present, characterized by increased economic interdependence and cultural exchange
• Modern conflicts and issues: ongoing struggles with terrorism, climate change, and social inequality

Prehistory

• Emerged 2.5 million years ago, lasted until the development of writing
• Divided into three periods: Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic
• Paleolithic (2.5 million - 10,000 BCE): characterized by nomadic hunter-gatherer societies
• Mesolithic (10,000 - 5,000 BCE): marked by the development of more complex societies
• Neolithic (5,000 - 2,000 BCE): saw the emergence of agriculture and settled communities

Ancient Civilizations

• Mesopotamia (3,500 - 539 BCE): developed writing (cuneiform) and the wheel
• Ancient Egypt (3,100 - 30 BCE): famous for pyramids, mummies, and hieroglyphics
• Ancient Greece (8th century - 146 BCE): made significant contributions to philosophy, theater, and democracy
• Ancient Rome (753 BCE - 476 CE): expanded through conquests, developed the Latin language and law systems

Medieval Period

• Middle Ages (5th - 15th century): characterized by feudalism, the rise of Christianity, and the decline of the Roman Empire
• The Crusades (1095 - 1291): a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims
• The Black Death (1346 - 1353): a pandemic that devastated Europe's population

Early Modern Period

• Renaissance (14th - 17th century): marked by a cultural and intellectual revival in Europe
• Age of Exploration (15th - 17th century): saw the discovery of the New World and the establishment of colonial empires
• The Enlightenment (17th - 18th century): emphasized reason, individualism, and democracy

Modern Period

• Industrial Revolution (18th - 19th century): transformed the economy and society through technological advancements
• Nationalism and Imperialism (19th - early 20th century): led to the rise of nation-states and colonial empires
• World War I (1914 - 1918): a global conflict that led to the redrawing of national borders
• World War II (1939 - 1945): a global conflict that resulted in the defeat of the Axis powers and the formation of the United Nations

Contemporary Period

• Cold War (1945 - 1991): a period of geopolitical tension and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union
• Globalization (late 20th century - present): characterized by increased economic interdependence and cultural exchange
• Modern conflicts and issues: ongoing struggles with terrorism, climate change, and social inequality