Prehistoric Architecture and Egyptian Civilization
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Questions and Answers

What does the term prehistory refer to?

The period before history was written down, prior to any kind of written explanation of culture and civilization.

What are the three main types of primitive dwellings according to the text?

Caves or rocks, huts, and tents.

Which of the following is NOT a classification of prehistoric architectural remnants?

  • Monoliths
  • Lake dwellings
  • Tumuli
  • Dolmen
  • Cromlech
  • Pyramids (correct)
  • What is a menhir?

    <p>A single upright stone often known as a monolith.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining feature of a dolmen?

    <p>A large flat stone supported by upright stones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cromlech?

    <p>A circle of upright stones arranged in a circle and supporting horizontal slabs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tumuli, also known as burial mounds, are considered predecessors of the Pyramids of Egypt and beehive huts.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are lake dwellings?

    <p>Wooden huts supported on piles situated in lakes for protection from attacks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an architectural typology?

    <p>A building type related to a function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prehistoric remains are considered to have little architectural value due to their simple construction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main geographic feature of Egypt according to the text?

    <p>A sandy desert with a strip of fertile land on the banks of the Nile River.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was the Nile River of immense advantage to ancient Egypt?

    <p>It served as a trade route, a means of communication, and provided fertile soil for agriculture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which God was the most important in ancient Egyptian religion?

    <p>Ra, the sun God.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main types of tombs in Ancient Egypt?

    <p>Pyramid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period were mastabas built?

    <p>The Ancient Empire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period were pyramids built?

    <p>The Middle Empire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period were rock-cut caves built?

    <p>The New Empire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the royal architect and manager of pyramids who commissioned the Mastaba of Thy?

    <p>Thy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered the Mastaba of Ti, Sakkara in 1865?

    <p>Mariette.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who designed the first Egyptian step pyramid?

    <p>Imhotep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Pyramid of Djoser is considered a significant structure for Egyptians and for the Earth as well.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Pyramid of Djoser is located northwest of the city of Memphis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central feature of the Djoser complex?

    <p>The step pyramid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many mastabas were stacked one atop another to create the initial structure of the Pyramid of Djoser?

    <p>Six mastabas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the original height of the Pyramid of Djoser?

    <p>Sixty-two meters (203 feet) tall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the original base size of the Pyramid of Djoser?

    <p>109 x 125 meters (358 x 410 feet).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The step pyramid is considered to be the earliest complex, large-scale stone construction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the construction of the Pyramid of Djoser begin?

    <p>During the 27th century BC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The oldest known uncut stone pyramid structure dates to 3000 BC, found in the city of Caral, Peru.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Pyramid of Djoser is considered to be the evolutionary basis of all later pyramids in Egypt.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a clerestory window?

    <p>To admit light into a building.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hypostyle hall?

    <p>A hall with rows of columns supporting a roof.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pylons are the large gates at the front of the temple.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the walls of the pylons decorated with?

    <p>Carved and paintings scenes of the pharaoh, gods, and goddesses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are obelisks?

    <p>Monoliths, square on plan with slightly rounded faces and tapering sides, with a pyramidal summit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rock-cut tombs are found in several parts of the world.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What city was the centre of the necropolis of the New Kingdom?

    <p>Thebes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Valley of the Kings?

    <p>A valley in Egypt where rock-cut tombs of Pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom were excavated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were the tombs at Beni-Hasan considered remarkable?

    <p>They were particularly notable for the progress of the arts of peace during the Twelfth Dynasty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lecture Information

    • Lecture-1 (6th August 2018): Introduction to Prehistoric Architecture
    • Lecture-2 (8th August 2018): Egyptian Civilization
    • Lecture-3 (8th August 2018): Mastaba
    • Lecture-4 (13th August 2018): Important Terms (Trabeated & Arcuated) & Architectural Elements (Clerestory Windows & Hypostyle Hall)
    • Lecture-5 (20th August 2018): The Temple of Abu Simbel
    • Lecture-6 (24th August 2018): (No specific topic provided)

    Prehistoric Architecture

    • Definition: Prehistory refers to the period before written history and the development of culture and civilization.
    • Early Building Practices: Early humans built structures based on needs for protection from weather.
    • Architectural Typology: Early dwellings included caves, huts made of branches and mud, and tents.
    • Examples: Monoliths (menhirs), dolmens, cromlechs, tumuli, and lake dwellings.

    Egyptian Civilization

    • Location: Nile River valley in Africa.
    • Geographical Conditions: Egypt is a sandy desert with fertile land along the banks of the Nile.
    • Geological Conditions: Nile waters are crucial for fertilizing the desert lands.
    • Social Stratification: Egyptian society had a hierarchical structure with a Pharaoh at the top and workers and slaves at the bottom.

    Mastaba

    • Description: An early Egyptian tomb type, rectangular with sloping sides and a flat roof.
    • Internal Structure: Comprised of an outer chamber, offering chamber, serdabs (containing statues of the deceased and family members), and a shaft leading to the burial chamber.

    Important Terms & Architectural Elements

    • Trabeated Construction: A method of construction using horizontal beams resting on vertical supports (posts and lintels).
    • Arcuated Construction: A method where forces are transferred to a keystone in an arch.
    • Clerestory Windows: Windows located in the upper part of a building, usually above the roof level.
    • Hypostyle Hall: Large hall with rows of columns supporting a flat roof.

    The Temple of Abu Simbel

    • Construction: Entirely carved from the solid rock, featuring colossal statues of Ramses II and others.
    • Orientation and Significance: The temple was aligned to reflect the sun’s position for specific dates of the year.

    Dwellings

    • Building Materials:
    • Houses were made of mud bricks.

    The Sphinx

    • Description: A large limestone statue of a mythical creature with a human head and a lion's body.
    • Purpose: Precise purpose debated, but likely associated with protecting pharaohs and their eternal monuments and status.

    Different Types of Columns

    • Hathor-headed Columns: Columns featuring capitals that depict the head of the goddess Hathor.
    • Lotus Capitals: Capitals shaped like lotus flowers.
    • Palm Capitals: Capitals shaped like palm trees.
    • Palmette Capitals: Capitals with a palmette pattern that derives from foliage.
    • Papyrus Capitals: Capitals shaped like a papyrus plant.

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    Egyptian Architecture PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of Prehistoric Architecture and the key elements of Egyptian Civilization. This quiz covers early building practices, architectural typologies, and significant structures like the Temple of Abu Simbel. Dive into the rich history and innovation of ancient cultures!

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