Pregnancy Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapeutics
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Questions and Answers

What happens to blood pressure during the first two trimesters of pregnancy?

  • It drops slightly. (correct)
  • It remains unchanged.
  • It rises significantly.
  • It fluctuates dramatically.

    • Which of the following findings occurs due to hormonal changes during pregnancy?

  • Increased muscle tone of the gallbladder.
  • Enhanced appetite and thirst. (correct)
  • Nasal stuffiness and epistaxis. (correct)
  • Decreased oxygen consumption.

    • What is a common consequence of the growing uterus during pregnancy?

  • Enhanced intestinal movement.
  • Increased respiratory rate.
  • Decreased gastric acid secretions. (correct)
  • Higher bile salt retention. (correct)

    • What change occurs in the diaphragm during pregnancy?

    <p>It rises approximately 4 cm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might a woman complain of due to edema caused by increased estrogen during pregnancy?

    <p>Voice changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common digestive issue experienced in the first trimester of pregnancy?

    <p>Nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormonal change is primarily responsible for decreased motility in the digestive tract during pregnancy?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change can lead to an increased susceptibility to urinary tract infections (UTIs) in pregnant women?

    <p>Relaxation of renal pelvis and ureters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What musculoskeletal change affects a pregnant woman's gait?

    <p>Pelvic joint relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the increased renal blood volume during pregnancy?

    <p>Increased urinary output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the placenta during pregnancy?

    <p>To produce estrogen and progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with hyperemesis gravidarum?

    <p>Increased appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the expanding uterus have on the digestive system?

    <p>Interferes with digestive function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these changes occurs as a result of the relaxation of pelvic joints during pregnancy?

    <p>Development of a waddling gait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sign of placenta previa?

    <p>Bright red bleeding that is painless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does pregnancy affect the activity of sweat and sebaceous glands?

    <p>They become more active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a potential complication of placenta previa?

    <p>Infection due to vaginal organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates abruptio placenta from placenta previa?

    <p>Abruptio placenta involves dark red bleeding accompanied by pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication related to hyperemesis gravidarum?

    <p>Nutrient deficiency in the mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pregnancy-related change can impact balance?

    <p>Increase in the center of gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may occur due to the lower segment of the uterus being the site of placenta attachment in placenta previa?

    <p>Postpartum hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a spontaneous abortion?

    <p>It can occur without prior symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can potentially cause abruptio placentae?

    <p>Motor vehicle accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common site for ectopic pregnancies?

    <p>Fallopian tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can contribute to ectopic pregnancy?

    <p>Tubal deformities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of a tubal pregnancy?

    <p>Tubal rupture and hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom may indicate a ruptured ectopic pregnancy?

    <p>Sudden severe lower abdominal pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the first steps in the treatment of an ectopic pregnancy?

    <p>Priority is to control bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is used to inhibit cell division in ectopic pregnancy cases?

    <p>Methotrexate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of placenta previa?

    <p>Painless vaginal bleeding when cervix dilates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the classification of placenta previa where the placenta completely covers the cervical os?

    <p>Total placenta previa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of gestational hypertension?

    <p>A state of persistently elevated blood pressure greater than 140/90 that develops after 20 weeks of gestation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions may result from gestational hypertension if left unmanaged?

    <p>Kidney dysfunction and seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which risk factor is NOT associated with gestational hypertension?

    <p>Non-smoking status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom would NOT typically be associated with gestational hypertension?

    <p>Weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the management of gestational hypertension is accurate?

    <p>Management focuses on maintaining blood flow to the woman's vital organs and placenta.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What medication is commonly used to prevent seizures in women with gestational hypertension?

    <p>Magnesium sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication is associated with pre-eclampsia?

    <p>HELLP syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of delivery might be necessary for a woman with severe eclampsia?

    <p>Emergency Caesarean section</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common diagnostic finding indicating gestational hypertension?

    <p>Systolic pressure increase of 30 mm Hg or more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rh incompatibility is a risk when a mother is what blood type?

    <p>Rh-negative and fetus is Rh-positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pregnancy Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapeutics

    • Pregnancy is divided into three 13-week trimesters, aiding in understanding developmental stages.
    • A laboratory diagnosis during pregnancy involves detecting human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the mother's plasma or urine.
    • Absolute signs of pregnancy (such as a fetal heartbeat) are detected later in gestation, often via auscultation or ultrasound.
    • The estimated date of delivery (EDD) is determined using Nägele's rule, subtracting three months from the last menstrual period (LMP) and adding seven days.
    • Gravidity refers to the number of pregnancies a woman has had, while parity refers to the number of pregnancies that have reached viability.
    • Gravida: The total number of pregnancies a woman has experienced.
    • Nulligravida: A woman who has never been pregnant.
    • Primigravida: A woman who is pregnant for the first time.
    • Multigravida: A woman who is pregnant more than once.
    • Para: The number of viable births a woman has had.
    • Primipara: A woman who has given birth to one viable child.
    • Multipara: A woman who has given birth to two or more viable children.
    • Nullipara: A woman who has never given birth to a viable child.
    • Abortion: Pregnancy loss before 20 weeks.
    • Gestational age: The time elapsed since the first day of the last menstrual period.
    • Fertilization age: The time elapsed since fertilization.
    • Age of viability: The gestational age at which a fetus may survive outside the womb.

    Signs of Pregnancy

    • Presumptive signs are those suggestive of pregnancy, but not conclusive. Examples involve amenorrhea, nausea, breast tenderness, and urinary frequency.
    • Probable signs represent indicators that suggest pregnancy but are also not definitive, such as Goodell's sign, Chadwick's sign, Hegar's sign, abdominal enlargement, Braxton Hicks contractions, and positive pregnancy test.
    • Positive signs are definitive indicators of pregnancy. These include an audible fetal heartbeat, fetal movement felt by the examiner, and fetal visualization via ultrasound.

    Effects of Pregnancy on Body Systems

    • Reproductive system: The uterus expands considerably to accommodate the growing fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid. The cervix undergoes changes in color and consistency, and mucus plugs may form. The ovaries produce progesterone to maintain the uterine lining initially, later the placenta takes over.
    • Cardiovascular system: Blood volume increases significantly (by ~45%). This increased blood volume supports the needs of the expanded maternal tissue and the developing fetus. The pulse rate also increases. Supine hypotension (or vena cava syndrome) can occur if the pregnant woman lies flat on her back, as the uterus can put pressure on the inferior vena cava, reducing blood returning to the heart.
    • Respiratory system: Oxygen consumption increases by 15%, and the diaphragm rises. Dyspnea (shortness of breath) may occur until the fetus descends into the pelvis.
    • Gastrointestinal system: The growing uterus displaces the stomach and intestines, and salivary secretions increase. Gastric emptying slows, and heartburn is common.
    • Urinary system: Glomerular filtration rate increases, potentially leading to glycosuria and proteinuria. Water retention is also common, and urinary stasis occurs.
    • Musculoskeletal system: Pelvic joints relax, and posture changes. Increase abdominal weight during pregnancy affects the center of gravity.
    • Endocrine system: There's a substantial increase in hormones, affecting most body systems, with the placenta playing a key role in hormonal production.
    • Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Excessive nausea and vomiting; can impact fetal growth, causing dehydration.
    • Gestational Hypertension (GH): A condition of persistently elevated blood pressure (>140/90 mmHg) after 20 weeks of pregnancy, which resolves postpartum. Risk factors include first pregnancy, obesity, family history of GH, age, multifetal pregnancies, chronic hypertension, chronic renal disease and diabetes.
    • Pre-eclampsia: A more severe form of GH, also involving edema, proteinuria, and potentially serious complications like HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets).
    • Eclampsia: The most severe form of preeclampsia, marked by seizures.
    • Abortio Placentae: Premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall, often associated with pain.
    • Placenta Previa: Abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower uterus or over the cervix, often causing painless bleeding in the third trimester during vaginal examinations, or contractions.
    • Ectopic Pregnancy: A pregnancy that implants outside the uterus, typically in the fallopian tubes, potentially leading to tubal rupture and heavy bleeding if not treated immediately.

    Rh Incompatibility

    • Rh incompatibility occurs when a mother is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive. If Rh-positive fetal blood enters maternal circulation, the mother produces Rh-antibodies which can cause fetal red blood cell damage in subsequent pregnancies.
    • Early detection and prevention are essential, typically through RhoGAM administration.

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    Description

    Explore the key concepts of pregnancy pathophysiology and pharmacotherapeutics. This quiz covers the trimesters of pregnancy, laboratory diagnoses, and important terminology related to gravidity and parity. Test your understanding of critical aspects of maternal health and fetal development.

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