L16 (T1): Glucose homeostasis and pathophysiology of diabetes
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of insulin in glucose homeostasis?

  • Promoting breakdown of glycogen to release glucose into the bloodstream
  • Stimulating cellular uptake of glucose and promoting its storage as glycogen (correct)
  • Activating glucagon release to increase blood glucose levels
  • Inhibiting cellular uptake of glucose and promoting its release into the bloodstream

    • In healthy individuals, which hormone acts to increase blood glucose levels?

  • Cortisol
  • Epinephrine
  • Glucagon (correct)
  • Insulin

    • What is the primary cause of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

  • Obesity and poor diet
  • Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas (correct)
  • Insulin resistance in target tissues
  • Genetic mutations affecting insulin receptor function

    • Which hormone is responsible for promoting the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose into the bloodstream?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cortisol in glucose metabolism?

    <p>Promoting gluconeogenesis and inhibiting glucose uptake in muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency?

    <p>Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of treatment and management in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

    <p>Lifestyle modifications, oral medications, and possibly insulin therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During pregnancy, which hormone promotes insulin resistance?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk associated with high maternal glucose levels during pregnancy?

    <p>Premature birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common problem associated with macrosomia in babies?

    <p>Obesity in later life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does placental lactogen promote in the mother's metabolic system during pregnancy?

    <p>Lipolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What demands does a rapidly growing fetus place on the maternal metabolic system?

    <p>Increased glucose demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in promoting catabolism in the mother during mid-late stage pregnancy?

    <p>Placental Lactogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does insulin resistance play in glucose homeostasis during pregnancy?

    <p>It increases glucose levels in the mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of macrosomia in babies?

    <p>Increased risk of breathing problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can one find detailed content on the pancreas, glucose homeostasis, and gestational diabetes?

    <p>Greenspan’s Basic and Clinical Endocrinology, Chapter 17</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of glucagon in glucose metabolism?

    <p>Promotes the breakdown of stored glycogen and gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the blood supply to the body and tail of the pancreas come from?

    <p>Splenic artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of insulin in glucose metabolism?

    <p>Facilitates glucose uptake into cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the pancreas is responsible for insulin synthesis?

    <p>Pancreatic β cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range for maintaining blood glucose levels?

    <p>3.9-5.6 mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives insulin synthesis in the pancreatic β cells?

    <p>Calcium influx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pancreas in glucose homeostasis?

    <p>Balancing the actions of insulin and glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a crucial role in insulin release?

    <p>K-ATP channels and voltage-gated calcium channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM)?

    <p>Autoimmune destruction of β cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically characteristic of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)?

    <p>Insulin resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of insulitis in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM)?

    <p>Insulin antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of insulin in glucose uptake from cells?

    <p>Increase glucose uptake from cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic effect of hyperinsulinemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)?

    <p>Leads to drop in beta cell function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Gestational Diabetes?

    <p>High blood sugar that develops during pregnancy and usually disappears after giving birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the first lecture mentioned in the text?

    <p>Recap of glucose homeostasis and diabetic pathophysiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main learning outcome emphasized in the lecture?

    <p>Glucose metabolism and its manifestation as diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept will be built upon in the lecture?

    <p>Receptors and contextual mechanisms related to insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will be covered before moving on to discussing perturbed glucose homeostasis in diabetes?

    <p>Glucose status in a healthy individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the second lecture mentioned in the text?

    <p>Effects of glucose and its management during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the lecture based on the learning outcome from the model handbook?

    <p>Glucose metabolism and its manifestation as diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies blood to specific regions of the pancreas?

    <p>Superior mesenteric artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pancreatic duct?

    <p>Production of digestive enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hepatic portal vein in relation to the pancreas?

    <p>Drains blood from the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of gestational diabetes on glucose homeostasis?

    <p>Impaired glucose tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why has the study of pancreatic function and treatments been delayed?

    <p>Difficulty in accessing the pancreas for biopsies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the pancreas having both exocrine and endocrine roles?

    <p>It ensures efficient digestion and absorption of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glucagon in glucose metabolism?

    <p>Stimulating gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells in the pancreas are primarily involved in insulin production?

    <p>Beta cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What inhibits ATP channels and depolarizes the cell membrane in pancreatic beta cells, contributing to the regulation of insulin release?

    <p>ATP production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone acts to lower blood glucose levels through mechanisms such as glucose absorption, glycolysis, and storage in glycogen and fat?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for fasting blood glucose levels?

    <p>3.9 to 5.6 millimoles per liter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary influence on blood glucose levels?

    <p>Diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of insulin in glucose homeostasis?

    <p>Increasing gluconeogenesis in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which GLUT is found in muscle tissue and is insulin-sensitive, driving glucose uptake when translocated to the membrane?

    <p>GLUT4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of glucagon in glucose metabolism?

    <p>Increasing gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about GLUTs is true?

    <p>Different GLUTs are encoded by different genes and expressed in different cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of glucagon from pancreatic alpha cells?

    <p>Low blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial event that triggers calcium-induced insulin release?

    <p>Membrane depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

    <p>Autoimmune destruction of beta cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net effect of type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Reduced production of insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for promoting the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose into the bloodstream?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic effect of hyperinsulinemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)?

    <p>Reduced blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In healthy individuals, which hormone acts to increase blood glucose levels?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of calcium in insulin synthesis in the pancreatic beta cells?

    <p>Facilitates fusion of membranes and exocytosis of insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Diabetes Mellitus: Types, Pathophysiology, and Pregnancy Complications

    • K-ATP channels and voltage-gated calcium channels play a crucial role in insulin release
    • Glucose enters cells through glucose transporters, and ATP inhibits K-ATP channels
    • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is characterized by autoimmune destruction of β cells
    • Insulin antibodies drive insulitis, resulting in less insulin production
    • Insulin acts to increase glucose uptake from cells, and its deficiency causes hyperglycemia
    • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is typically characterized by insulin resistance
    • Insulin resistance is linked to family history of T2DM, high visceral fat, and a sedentary lifestyle
    • Visceral fat may secrete proteins that prevent insulin from acting at insulin receptors
    • Hyperinsulinemia is characteristic of T2DM, and amyloid scarring can lead to a drop in beta cell function
    • Diabetic pathophysiology during pregnancy involves hormone and fuel balance changes
    • Gestational Diabetes is high blood sugar that develops during pregnancy and usually disappears after giving birth
    • High fetal glucose can cause congenital malformations, increasing the risk of perinatal mortality

    Understanding Glucagon and Diabetes

    • Glucagon aims to increase blood glucose levels between meals when rapid glucose from sugary drinks is not available.
    • Insulin and glucagon activate different pathways; insulin binds to receptor tyrosine kinase, while glucagon binds via g protein coupled receptors.
    • Blood glucose is maintained through a balance of insulin and glucagon; excess glucose triggers insulin release, while low glucose levels prompt glucagon release.
    • Calcium channels directly facilitate the release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells.
    • In insulin synthesis, calcium binds to the vesicle, not directly to insulin itself, facilitating the fusion of membranes and exocytosis of insulin.
    • Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus are the two major categories, with about 4.1 million people in the UK living with either type in 2021.
    • 90% of diabetes cases in the UK are type 2, while the rest are type 1; there is also a distinct form called maturity onset diabetes (Modi).
    • Modi encompasses a distinct set of disorders related to glucose homeostasis perturbation, often caused by genetic disorders.
    • Diabetes costs the NHS around £10 billion a year, about 10% of the NHS budget, with many complications being manageable with better knowledge and management.
    • Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune destruction of beta cells, leading to fewer functioning beta cells and reduced insulin production.
    • In type 1 diabetes, the presence of antibodies, such as GAD or insulin antibodies, leads to the breakdown of insulin-producing cells by the immune system.
    • The net effect of type 1 diabetes is a reduced production of insulin, resulting in insufficient blood glucose regulation.

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    Related Documents

    Glucose Homeostasis and Pathophysiology of Diabetes - Student Copy(1).pptx

    Description

    Test your knowledge of diabetes mellitus types, pathophysiology, and pregnancy complications with this quiz. Explore the role of insulin, factors contributing to T1DM and T2DM, and the impact of diabetes on pregnancy, including gestational diabetes and fetal complications.

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