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Questions and Answers
What is the average weight gain for normal-weight women during pregnancy?
What is the average weight gain for normal-weight women during pregnancy?
25–35 pounds
How many additional calories are needed during the second and third trimesters?
How many additional calories are needed during the second and third trimesters?
Women should lose weight during pregnancy.
Women should lose weight during pregnancy.
False
What is the recommended protein requirement increase for pregnant women over age 25?
What is the recommended protein requirement increase for pregnant women over age 25?
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What vitamin requirement does NOT need to be increased during pregnancy?
What vitamin requirement does NOT need to be increased during pregnancy?
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What is a common remedy for morning sickness?
What is a common remedy for morning sickness?
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Nausea that becomes so severe it is life-threatening is known as __________.
Nausea that becomes so severe it is life-threatening is known as __________.
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What dietary approach can help alleviate constipation during pregnancy?
What dietary approach can help alleviate constipation during pregnancy?
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What should pregnant women do to help prevent heartburn?
What should pregnant women do to help prevent heartburn?
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What is the recommended weight gain for underweight women during pregnancy?
What is the recommended weight gain for underweight women during pregnancy?
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During which trimester is no additional calorie intake usually required?
During which trimester is no additional calorie intake usually required?
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How much should a pregnant adolescent's protein requirement increase compared to a non-pregnant state?
How much should a pregnant adolescent's protein requirement increase compared to a non-pregnant state?
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What is the increased requirement for vitamin D during pregnancy?
What is the increased requirement for vitamin D during pregnancy?
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Which mineral's requirement is NOT increased during pregnancy?
Which mineral's requirement is NOT increased during pregnancy?
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What amount of weight gain per week is suggested during the second and third trimesters?
What amount of weight gain per week is suggested during the second and third trimesters?
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Which vitamin's requirement does NOT need to be increased during pregnancy?
Which vitamin's requirement does NOT need to be increased during pregnancy?
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Which of the following vitamins has an increased requirement during pregnancy?
Which of the following vitamins has an increased requirement during pregnancy?
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What is characterized by high blood pressure, protein presence in urine, and edema during the third trimester?
What is characterized by high blood pressure, protein presence in urine, and edema during the third trimester?
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What is the recommended action when feeling nauseous after eating?
What is the recommended action when feeling nauseous after eating?
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What should be eliminated from the diet to help manage excessive weight gain?
What should be eliminated from the diet to help manage excessive weight gain?
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Which statement correctly describes the condition of anemia?
Which statement correctly describes the condition of anemia?
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What is a common craving associated with pica?
What is a common craving associated with pica?
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Which cooking methods are recommended for healthier meal preparation?
Which cooking methods are recommended for healthier meal preparation?
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What is a potential risk of eating soil as part of pica?
What is a potential risk of eating soil as part of pica?
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During which circumstances is Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension more likely to occur?
During which circumstances is Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension more likely to occur?
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What condition may result from folate deficiency?
What condition may result from folate deficiency?
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What is a characteristic of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?
What is a characteristic of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?
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Which recommendation is given to expectant mothers regarding alcohol consumption?
Which recommendation is given to expectant mothers regarding alcohol consumption?
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What is the advised limit for caffeine intake during pregnancy?
What is the advised limit for caffeine intake during pregnancy?
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What may illegal drugs during pregnancy cause in infants?
What may illegal drugs during pregnancy cause in infants?
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Which of the following is associated with tobacco smoking during pregnancy?
Which of the following is associated with tobacco smoking during pregnancy?
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What should the diet for a pregnant woman with diabetes be based on?
What should the diet for a pregnant woman with diabetes be based on?
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What adverse effects can drugs derived from vitamin A have during pregnancy?
What adverse effects can drugs derived from vitamin A have during pregnancy?
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What characteristic is true of gestational diabetes?
What characteristic is true of gestational diabetes?
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Which screening is routinely performed as part of prenatal care?
Which screening is routinely performed as part of prenatal care?
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Why are oral hypoglycemic agents avoided during pregnancy?
Why are oral hypoglycemic agents avoided during pregnancy?
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What is a major concern for pregnant adolescents regarding their health?
What is a major concern for pregnant adolescents regarding their health?
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What is necessary for a breastfeeding infant before supplemental feeding is introduced?
What is necessary for a breastfeeding infant before supplemental feeding is introduced?
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What benefit does breast milk provide specifically for infants?
What benefit does breast milk provide specifically for infants?
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What is one aspect of the emotional support needed for pregnant adolescents?
What is one aspect of the emotional support needed for pregnant adolescents?
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How does breast milk affect the risk of allergies in infants?
How does breast milk affect the risk of allergies in infants?
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Which of the following is a benefit of breastfeeding for infants?
Which of the following is a benefit of breastfeeding for infants?
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What is one of the suggested calorie increases during lactation?
What is one of the suggested calorie increases during lactation?
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Which of the following statements about nutrients during lactation is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about nutrients during lactation is incorrect?
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How does breastfeeding benefit the mother?
How does breastfeeding benefit the mother?
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What type of chemicals can affect mothers while lactating?
What type of chemicals can affect mothers while lactating?
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Why is education about breastfeeding particularly important for pregnant teenagers?
Why is education about breastfeeding particularly important for pregnant teenagers?
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What can high caffeine intake potentially cause in infants?
What can high caffeine intake potentially cause in infants?
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Which statement about the availability of breast milk is true?
Which statement about the availability of breast milk is true?
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Study Notes
Pregnancy Nutrition
- Pregnant women should gain 25-35 pounds (normal weight), 28-40 pounds (underweight).
- No calorie increase needed in the first trimester.
- During the second and third trimesters, consume an additional 300 calories per day.
- Folic acid supplementation pre-conception is crucial to prevent neural tube defects.
- The protein requirement increases by 20% for pregnant women over 25, and 25% for pregnant adolescents.
- Excess vitamin A can cause birth defects, so avoid exceeding recommended daily values.
- Vitamin D, E, and K requirements are increased during pregnancy.
- All water-soluble vitamin needs increase during pregnancy.
- B vitamins and vitamin C have higher requirements.
- Calcium, iron, zinc, iodine, and selenium requirements increase.
- Iron supplements are often prescribed.
- A balanced diet, including fat-free milk or substitutes, and prenatal vitamins are vital.
- Over-the-counter supplements can be harmful to the fetus.
Pregnancy Nutrition Concerns
- Nausea is common in the first trimester. Consider eating dry crackers or toast before rising, small frequent meals, and avoiding strong odors & liquids at mealtime.
- Severe nausea, hyperemesis gravidarum, can be life-threatening and require hospitalization.
- Constipation is caused by relaxed gastrointestinal activity due to progesterone. Eat high fiber, exercise daily, and drink 8 glasses of water.
- Heartburn is due to stomach pressure caused by the growing baby. Eat small meals, avoid spicy foods, fatty foods, caffeine, and peppermint.
- Excessive weight gain may signal other health concerns, follow recommended weight gain guidelines for your individual needs.
- Pregnancy-induced hypertension can be dangerous, early detection and management are crucial.
- Pica, cravings for non-food items, can be linked to nutritional deficiencies or psychological factors and should be addressed by a healthcare professional.
- Anemia, an iron deficiency, is common during pregnancy and can be managed with iron supplements and a diet rich in iron-rich foods.
- Alcohol, caffeine, drugs, and tobacco use during pregnancy can harm the developing fetus.
Weight Gain During Pregnancy
- Average weight gain for normal-weight women: 25–35 pounds
- Underweight women should gain 28–40 pounds
- First trimester: 2–4 pound weight gain
- Second and third trimester: 1 pound/week
- No weight loss is recommended during pregnancy
Nutritional Needs During Pregnancy
- Increased protein requirement: 20% for pregnant women over 25 (25% for pregnant adolescents)
- Vitamin A: No need to increase; excess can cause birth defects.
- Vitamin D: 10 g
- Vitamin E: 5 g
- Vitamin K: 75–90 g (depending on age)
- Increased requirements for all water-soluble vitamins, including vitamins B and C.
- Increased requirements for calcium, iron, zinc, iodine, and selenium.
Excessive Weight Gain
- Re-evaluate diet and eliminate foods not aligned with MyPyramid.
- Consume fat-free milk.
- Eat clean, raw vegetables as a snack.
- Choose fruits and custards made with fat-free milk for desserts.
- Opt for broiling, baking, or boiling instead of frying.
Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension
- Formerly known as pre-eclampsia or toxemia.
- Characterized by high blood pressure, protein in urine, and edema in the third trimester.
- Can progress to eclampsia, leading to convulsions, coma, and potential death for both mother and infant.
- More common during first pregnancies, multiple fetuses, morbid obesity, and inadequate diets (especially protein-deficient).
Pica
- Craving for nonfood substances like starch, clay (soil), or ice.
- Discourage soil ingestion due to potential contamination and nutrient deficiencies.
- Multiple nutritional deficiencies can arise from pica.
Anemia
- Condition caused by insufficient red blood cells, hemoglobin, or blood volume.
- Symptoms: weakness, fatigue, poor appetite, and pallor.
- Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common type.
- Folate deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia, preventable with folate supplements.
Alcohol, Caffeine, Drugs, and Tobacco
- Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS): growth deficiency, central nervous system dysfunction, microcephaly (small head), and other physical characteristics.
- Fetal alcohol effect (FAE): fewer physical defects but numerous behavioral and psychosocial problems.
- Abstinence from alcohol is highly recommended for pregnant women.
- Caffeine: limited evidence for human risks, but recommended to consume less than 300 mg/day.
- Illegal drugs can cause infant addiction.
- Vitamin A-derived drugs can cause fetal malformations and spontaneous abortions.
- Tobacco smoking: associated with low birth weight, sudden infant death syndrome, fetal death, spontaneous abortions, and delivery complications.
Diet for the Pregnant Woman with Diabetes
- Nutritional requirements for pregnant women with diabetes align with those of nondiabetic pregnant women.
- A dietitian should plan the diet based on the type and number of insulin injections required.
- Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and resolves after childbirth.
- Routine screening for gestational diabetes is part of prenatal care.
- Insulin is used to manage all types of diabetes during pregnancy.
- Oral hypoglycemic agents are not used during pregnancy.
- Artificial sweeteners have been deemed safe for pregnant women.
Pregnancy during Adolescence
- Presents significant nutritional, physical, psychological, social, and economic challenges.
- Nutrition must address the needs of the adolescent's developing body and the growing fetus.
- Higher risk for pregnancy-induced hypertension and premature delivery.
- Inadequate maternal nutrition is linked to mental and physical birth defects.
- Significant counseling and emotional support are crucial.
Lactation
- Process of producing and secreting breast milk to nourish an infant.
- Supplemental feedings are generally not recommended until a feeding routine is established.
- Human milk is formulated to provide infants with the essential nutrients for the first six months of life.
Benefits of Breastfeeding for the Infant
- Breast milk offers the ideal composition for infant needs.
- No babies are allergic to their mother's milk.
- Composition includes at least 100 ingredients not present in formula.
- Reduced risk of ear infections, diarrhea, allergies, and hospitalizations.
- Breastfed babies receive antibodies from breast milk.
- Promotes proper jaw development.
- Decreases the risk of obesity later in life.
- Facilitates bonding between mother and child.
Benefits of Breastfeeding for the Mother
- Aids in weight loss from pregnancy.
- Stimulates uterine contraction to restore original size.
- Cost-effective method of feeding.
- Provides opportunities for rest.
- Milk is consistently at the right temperature and readily available.
Nutrient Requirements During Lactation
- Increase of 500 calories per day is recommended.
- Most nutrient needs are elevated, especially protein.
- MyPyramid should guide dietary choices.
- Fluid intake should replace fluids used for milk production.
- Many chemicals can transfer into breast milk.
- Consult an obstetrician before using medications or nutrient supplements.
- Caffeine may cause infant irritability.
Considerations for the Health Care Professional
- Newspaper and magazine articles about pregnancy and lactation may contain inaccuracies.
- Ongoing education for healthcare professionals may be necessary.
- Educating pregnant teenagers poses the most significant challenge.
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Description
This quiz explores essential nutrition guidelines for pregnant women, focusing on weight gain, caloric needs, vitamin and mineral requirements, and the importance of a balanced diet. Understand how proper nutrition supports a healthy pregnancy and fetal development.
