Pregnancy and Prenatal Care

Questions and Answers

What percentage of pregnancies in the United States are unplanned?

About 50%

What is the primary outcome of a healthy pregnancy?

A healthy infant

What is the moment when a male's sperm cell enters a female's egg cell called?

Conception

Why is it essential for a woman to make healthy lifestyle choices during the preconception period?

To improve her fertility and likelihood of having a normal pregnancy and healthy baby Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a father-to-be in ensuring a healthy pregnancy?

To be aware that his lifestyle choices can negatively affect his body's ability to produce enough healthy sperm to be fertile Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of preconception health care?

To improve fertility and likelihood of having a normal pregnancy and healthy baby Signup and view all the answers

Who should be aware of their likelihood of becoming pregnant?

All sexually active women of childbearing age Signup and view all the answers

What is the period before a woman becomes pregnant called?

The preconception period Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of obesity on male fertility?

Obesity may result in erectile dysfunction and sperm defects, reducing fertility. Signup and view all the answers

What substances can interfere with the production of healthy sperm and reduce sexual functioning?

Excess alcohol consumption, nicotine-containing products, certain medications, and illegal drugs. Signup and view all the answers

What should both men and women consider adopting when planning a pregnancy?

Healthy lifestyles that include a nutritionally adequate diet, a healthy BMI, avoiding harmful drugs, and regular exercise. Signup and view all the answers

How long does the prenatal period typically last?

About 38 to 42 weeks. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the developing human being from 8 weeks after conception until birth?

Fetus. Signup and view all the answers

During which trimester do the embryo/fetus's organs develop, and what are the risks of nutrient deficiencies or excesses during this period?

The first trimester. Nutrient deficiencies or excesses and exposure to toxic compounds, such as alcohol, can have devastating effects on the embryo/fetus. Signup and view all the answers

How much does the fetus typically weigh by the time it is full-term and ready to be born?

About 6 to 8 pounds. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the placenta during pregnancy?

To transfer nutrients and oxygen from the mother's bloodstream to the embryo/fetus and to transfer wastes from the embryo/fetus to the mother's bloodstream. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential for expectant mothers to avoid certain substances during pregnancy?

Because the placenta does not filter many microbes and toxic substances, such as alcohol and nicotine, from the mother's blood. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the mass of cells that forms after conception and before it becomes an embryo?

A mass of cells that enters the uterus and implants itself into the nutrient-rich lining. Signup and view all the answers

What can pass through the placenta and enter the embryo/fetus, causing disease, birth defects, or embryonic/fetal death?

Agents of infection and harmful chemicals Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum duration of fetal development required for organs to be physiologically mature enough to survive after birth without special care?

At least 37 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is a major factor that determines whether a baby is healthy and survives its first year of life?

Birth weight Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of low birth weight (LBW) in terms of pounds?

Less than 5½ pounds Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of infants born in the United States in 2018 were low birth weight?

About 8% Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of babies born before the 37th week of pregnancy in the United States in 2018?

10% Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of early preterm infants in terms of weeks of gestation?

Before 34 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of babies born in the United States in 2018 who were early preterm infants?

2.75% Signup and view all the answers

What hormone stimulates the development of milk-producing tissue in the breasts during pregnancy?

Prolactin Signup and view all the answers

What hormone helps maintain pregnancy and inhibits milk production during pregnancy?

Progesterone Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the practice of eating nonfood items such as laundry starch, chalk, cigarette ashes, and soil during pregnancy?

pica Signup and view all the answers

How much weight should a healthy woman gain during pregnancy if she is carrying twins?

up to 54 pounds Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk of having a high-birth-weight baby associated with?

excessive weight gain during pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

Why should underweight pregnant women try to reach a healthy weight by the end of the first trimester?

to reduce the risk of having preterm or low-birth-weight infants Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential harm of eating soil during pregnancy?

it may contain toxic substances, such as lead and pesticides, and pathogenic microbes Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of women in the United States gained more than the recommended amount of weight during pregnancy in 2015?

48% Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a high-birth-weight baby?

a baby that weighs more than 8 pounds 13 ounces (4000 g) at birth Signup and view all the answers

Why should obese pregnant women not try to lose weight during pregnancy?

because calorie restriction may harm the fetus Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended weight gain for underweight women during pregnancy?

28-40 pounds Signup and view all the answers

What may be a consequence of not gaining enough weight during pregnancy for underweight women?

having preterm or low-birth-weight infants Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical distribution of weight gain during pregnancy, and what are the approximate pounds for each component?

The typical distribution of weight gain during pregnancy is: maternal tissues and fluids (approximately 11 pounds), fetus (approximately 7.5 pounds), placenta (approximately 1.5 pounds), and amniotic fluid (approximately 2 pounds). Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended rate of weight gain during the second and third trimesters, and why is it important?

The recommended rate of weight gain during the second and third trimesters is approximately 1 pound per week. This rate is important because it allows for adequate fetal growth and development. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of prenatal care, and what are some of the topics discussed during routine prenatal health care?

Prenatal care is specialized to meet the health care needs of pregnant women, and it is essential for diagnosing and treating any medical problems that may arise during pregnancy. Routine prenatal health care includes discussions on morning sickness, physical activity, birth process, and infant care skills. Signup and view all the answers

What is gestational diabetes, and what are the risks associated with it?

Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy, affecting approximately 10% of pregnant women in the United States. It can lead to babies being born with high birth weight and an increased risk of becoming overweight as children. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential for pregnant women to plan for breastfeeding, and what should they discuss with their physicians?

Pregnant women should plan for breastfeeding because it is crucial for the health and well-being of their babies. They should discuss their decision to breastfeed with their physicians and learn as much as they can about breastfeeding early in their pregnancy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the average weight gain during the first trimester, and how does it compare to the rate of weight gain during the second and third trimesters?

The average weight gain during the first trimester is approximately 5 pounds. This rate of weight gain is slower than the 3-4 pounds per month during the second and third trimesters. Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of maternal weight gain during pregnancy, and what are their approximate percentages?

The components of maternal weight gain during pregnancy are blood (approximately 4 pounds), breasts (approximately 2 pounds), uterus (approximately 2 pounds), and fat, protein, and retained fluid (approximately 11 pounds). Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of receiving adequate prenatal care, and what are the potential consequences of inadequate care?

Receiving adequate prenatal care is crucial for reducing complications and ensuring a healthy pregnancy. Inadequate care can lead to health problems for both the mother and the fetus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of weight gain during pregnancy, and how does it impact the health of the mother and the fetus?

Weight gain during pregnancy is crucial for the health and well-being of both the mother and the fetus. It provides the necessary nutrients and energy for fetal growth and development. Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the lifestyle choices that pregnant women should make, and why are they important?

Pregnant women should avoid tobacco, alcohol, and illegal substances, and make healthy lifestyle choices to ensure a healthy pregnancy. These choices are important because they can impact the health and well-being of both the mother and the fetus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe hypertension that develops after the 20th week of pregnancy?

Gestational hypertension Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition characterized by sudden, dramatic increase in weight, severe hypertension, and protein in urine?

Preeclampsia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe seizures in a woman suffering from preeclampsia?

Eclampsia Signup and view all the answers

Why should pregnant women avoid drinking alcohol?

To prevent fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FAS) Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum amount of caffeine that pregnant women should consume daily?

200 mg/day Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of death for babies between 1 month and 1 year of age?

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Signup and view all the answers

Why should pregnant women consult their physicians before using herbal supplements or taking any drugs?

To avoid harming the embryo/fetus Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum duration of fetal development required for organs to be physiologically mature enough to survive after birth without special care?

24 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the death of an embryo or fetus that occurs before the 20th week of gestation?

Miscarriage Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe babies born with a birth weight of less than 5.5 pounds?

Low birth weight (LBW) Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the benefits that women can gain from being physically active during pregnancy?

Enhanced muscle tone and strength, reduced edema, and improved mood and sleep. Signup and view all the answers

What types of exercises are generally recommended for pregnant women?

Walking, cycling, swimming, prenatal yoga, and light aerobics. Signup and view all the answers

What activities should pregnant women avoid, and why?

Hot yoga, downhill skiing, contact sports, and horseback riding, as they are high-risk and can cause injury. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential for pregnant women to discuss their physical activity with their physicians?

To ensure that they can continue or modify their exercise regimens safely and appropriately. Signup and view all the answers

What specific pregnant women may need to restrict their physical activity?

Those experiencing hypertension or premature labor contractions. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it not advisable for pregnant women to start an intense fitness regimen?

Because it can put excessive strain on the body and increase the risk of complications. Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to nausea in addition to emotional stress and certain foods during pregnancy?

Hormonal changes Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of morning sickness in most pregnancies?

Until the 16th week Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential harm of excessive vomiting during pregnancy?

Dehydration, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalances Signup and view all the answers

Why do pregnant women often experience fatigue during their first trimester?

Physiological anemia Signup and view all the answers

What causes mild edema during pregnancy?

High levels of certain hormones Signup and view all the answers

Why do pregnant women experience constipation?

Hormones produced by the placenta relax muscles of the digestive tract Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily fiber intake for pregnant women?

28 g/day Signup and view all the answers

What is another common complaint of pregnant women besides constipation?

Heartburn Signup and view all the answers

When should a pregnant woman contact her physician regarding morning sickness?

If nausea and vomiting occur more than three times a day or the vomit looks like 'coffee grounds' Signup and view all the answers

What can help relieve the nausea of morning sickness?

Products that contain ginger Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of folic acid for women of childbearing age?

At least 400 mcg Signup and view all the answers

Why do pregnant women need more iron in their diet?

To support the increase in blood volume and to transfer iron to the fetus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of menu planning for pregnant women?

To obtain extra energy from nutrient-dense foods Signup and view all the answers

Why should pregnant women avoid certain types of fish and shellfish?

Due to high levels of methylmercury, which can damage the fetus's nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of prenatal multivitamin/mineral supplements?

To provide essential nutrients, including iron and folic acid, to support fetal development Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for pregnant women to consume foods rich in folate?

To prevent birth defects of the brain and spine Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of nutrient-dense foods that can provide extra energy for pregnant women?

Fat-free milk, enriched whole-grain cereals, and dried beans Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential for pregnant women to meet their iron needs during pregnancy?

To prevent iron deficiency anemia and support fetal development Signup and view all the answers

What are some good sources of omega-3 fatty acids and high-quality protein for pregnant women?

Fish and shellfish (in moderation), and fortified cereals Signup and view all the answers

Why should pregnant women prioritize nutrient-dense foods over empty-calorie foods?

To support fetal development and maternal health Signup and view all the answers

How does the growing uterus affect the mother's stomach during pregnancy?

The growing uterus pushes upward in the mother's abdominal cavity and applies pressure on her stomach, which can cause stomach acid to enter the esophagus, leading to heartburn. Signup and view all the answers

What lifestyle practices can a woman adopt before pregnancy to increase her chances of having a healthy pregnancy and baby?

Analyzing and correcting nutritional inadequacies, starting an exercise regimen, losing excess weight, and quitting smoking. Signup and view all the answers

Why does a pregnant woman's energy requirement increase during the second and third trimesters?

Because the fetus grows rapidly during this period, and the woman needs to support its growth, as well as her own body's needs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate daily energy requirement increase for a pregnant woman during the second trimester compared to her prepregnancy EER?

Approximately 340 kilocalories per day. Signup and view all the answers

Why may physically active pregnant women need to increase their kilocalorie intake beyond the recommended levels?

Because their muscles require more energy to move their body, and they may need to conserve energy during the third trimester. Signup and view all the answers

What are the consequences of folate deficiency during pregnancy?

Folate deficiency increases the risk of giving birth to infants with neural tube defects, such as spina bifida. Signup and view all the answers

How much higher are a pregnant woman's requirements for folate and iron compared to a nonpregnant woman?

50% higher. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential for a pregnant woman to consume smaller meals?

To help avoid heartburn, which can occur due to the pressure of the growing uterus on the stomach. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a pregnant woman's diet meeting her own nutritional needs and those of her developing offspring?

It is essential for supporting the health and growth of both the mother and the fetus. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it incorrect to assume that a pregnant woman should double her usual food intake just because she is 'eating for two'?

Because her nutritional requirements increase, but not to the extent of doubling her usual food intake. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Preconception Health Care

Preconception period is the time before a woman becomes pregnant and a man becomes a father
Healthy lifestyle choices can improve fertility and likelihood of having a normal pregnancy and healthy baby
Men's lifestyle choices can affect fertility, such as obesity leading to erectile dysfunction and sperm defects
Both women and men should:
- Consume a nutritionally adequate diet
- Achieve and maintain a healthy body mass index (BMI)
- Avoid harmful drugs
- Exercise regularly

The Prenatal Period

Prenatal period (gestation) is from conception to birth, about 38-42 weeks
First 2 weeks: fertilized egg divides and forms a mass of cells that enters the uterus
2-8 weeks: mass of cells develops into an embryo, forming organs
After 8 weeks: developing human being is referred to as a fetus
Prenatal period divided into three stages or trimesters

Fetal Development and Risk

First trimester: embryo/fetus develops most organs, critical stage in human development
Second trimester: fetus grows and matures, begins to look like a human infant
Third trimester: fetus nearly doubles in length and multiplies its weight by three to four times
By full-term: fetus weighs about 6-8 pounds and is 19-21 inches long

Breast changes: hormones signal breasts to increase in size, preparing for lactation
Morning sickness: nausea and vomiting, possibly due to hormonal changes
Fatigue: physiological anemia, a normal response to pregnancy
Digestive tract discomforts: constipation, heartburn, and edema due to hormonal changes

Pregnancy: General Dietary Recommendations

Women of childbearing age should analyze their diets and correct any marginal or deficient intakes
Pregnant women should follow a diet that meets their own and their offspring's nutritional needs
Energy needs increase in the second and third trimesters
Folate and iron needs are 50% higher than those of nonpregnant women### Nutrition During Pregnancy
A sample daily meal plan for pregnant women includes:
- Breakfast: oatmeal with milk and raisins, orange juice
- Mid-morning Snack: orange juice, graham cracker, peanut butter
- Lunch: cheese sandwich, apple slices, fat-free milk, orange sherbet
- Mid-afternoon Snack: English muffin, margarine, jelly, fat-free milk
- Dinner: broiled salmon, mixed salad greens, Italian dressing, enriched white rice, steamed broccoli
- Evening Snack: frozen yogurt
Fish and shellfish are excellent sources of minerals, omega-3 fatty acids, and high-quality protein, but pregnant women should avoid eating swordfish, shark, king mackerel, tilefish, marlin, orange roughy, and bigeye tuna due to high levels of methylmercury.

Cravings and Pica

Cravings are common during pregnancy and may be responses to hormonal changes or emotional state.
Pica, the practice of eating nonfood items, may be linked to iron and zinc deficiency, and pregnant women should refrain from practicing pica, especially eating clay or soil.

Weight Gain During Pregnancy

Nearly all pregnant women experience weight gain, and gaining an appropriate amount of weight is crucial during pregnancy.
Recommended weight gain during pregnancy depends on prepregnancy weight:
- Underweight: 28-40 pounds
- Healthy weight: 25-35 pounds
- Overweight: 15-25 pounds
- Obese: 11-20 pounds
Excessive weight gain during pregnancy is associated with retaining extra pounds after birth, giving birth to high-birth-weight babies, and increased risk of obesity, diabetes, and hypertension in the baby.
Underweight pregnant women should try to reach healthy weights by the end of the first trimester and then meet recommended weight-gain goals.

Accounting for Weight Gain

Much of the weight gained during pregnancy is not body fat:
- Fetus: 7.5 pounds
- Placenta and amniotic fluid: 3.5 pounds
- Maternal weight gain: 11 pounds (blood, breasts, uterus, fat, protein, and retained fluid)

Rate of Weight Gain

The rate of weight gain is important, as well as the amount of weight gained.
Healthy women typically gain 3-4 pounds per month during the second and third trimesters.

Importance of Prenatal Care

Prenatal care is specialized to meet the health care needs of pregnant women.
Routine prenatal health care includes measuring and monitoring weight, blood pressure, blood glucose level, and uterine growth.
Prenatal care helps diagnose and treat health problems early, and advises pregnant women on lifestyle choices.

Gestational Diabetes and Hypertension

Gestational diabetes can be detected during routine prenatal care and is associated with giving birth to high-birth-weight babies.
Gestational hypertension is a common condition that can develop after the 20th week of pregnancy and may lead to preeclampsia.
Preeclampsia is characterized by sudden weight gain, high blood pressure, edema, headache, vision problems, and protein in urine.

Drug Use and Physical Activity

Exposure to alcohol and tobacco is harmful to the embryo/fetus.
Pregnant women should avoid drinking concentrated sources of caffeine and limit their caffeine consumption to 200 mg/day.
The use of illegal drugs, herbal supplements, and medications during pregnancy can harm the embryo/fetus.
Physical activity during pregnancy can have many benefits, including enhanced muscle tone and strength, reduced edema, and improved mood and sleep.

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Quiz on pregnancy and prenatal care, covering preconception health care, embryo and fetus development, and nutrition during pregnancy.