Pregnancy and Fetal Development Quiz

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What marks the transition from the embryonic phase to the fetal phase of development?

The formation of limb buds

The heart begins to beat

The presence of hair on the baby’s head

The 8th week of gestation (correct)

How long is the typical gestation period in days from the last menstrual period (LMP)?

266 days

300 days

280 days (correct)

245 days

According to Nagele’s Rule, what is the first step to calculate the estimated due date (EDD)?

Subtract 1 month from the last menstrual period

Subtract 3 months from the last menstrual period

Add 7 days to the last menstrual period (correct)

Add 4 days to the last menstrual period

What is typically the average weight of a baby at the end of the 5th month of gestation?

1 pound Signup and view all the answers

During which trimester does the heart begin to beat and limb buds become visible?

First trimester Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate length of a baby at the end of the second trimester?

8 to 10 inches Signup and view all the answers

What is lanugo?

Soft woolly hair covering the baby’s body Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following durations is not typically associated with the gestation period?

36 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the average weight gain recommended for a pregnant woman?

24 lbs Signup and view all the answers

At what week does the thyroid gland start to develop during pregnancy?

4 weeks Signup and view all the answers

How many kcal/day should a pregnant woman increase her intake by during the second trimester?

340 kcal/day Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of iron for pregnant women?

30 g/day Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a source of weight gain during pregnancy?

Increased muscle mass Signup and view all the answers

How much should an underweight pregnant woman aim to gain in the first trimester?

5-6 lbs or more Signup and view all the answers

What does vernix caseosa do during pregnancy?

Protects fetal skin Signup and view all the answers

During which trimester is the caloric increase highest at 452 kcal/day?

Third trimester Signup and view all the answers

At the end of the seventh month, what is the typical length of the baby?

14 to 16 inches Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system begins to function first during fetal development?

Cardiovascular system Signup and view all the answers

What significant development occurs in the eighth month of pregnancy?

Kidneys mature and start urinating Signup and view all the answers

At what stage can fetal movements typically first be felt by the mother?

16 to 20 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical weight of a baby at the end of nine months?

7 pounds Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about fetal development is true at the end of month eight?

Fingernails now extend beyond fingertips. Signup and view all the answers

When do blood cells begin to form in the fetus?

By the third week after fertilization Signup and view all the answers

What is meconium, and when is it typically formed in the fetal intestine?

A dark green to black tarry waste accumulated near term Signup and view all the answers

What develops from the ectoderm during the third week after fertilization?

Neurological system Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens to the baby's movements as birth approaches?

They may seem less active. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of calcium during pregnancy?

1000 mg/day Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for folic acid supplementation before conception?

To prevent neural tube defects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential medical problem associated with excessive weight gain during pregnancy?

Anemia Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of the pelvic floor muscles during pregnancy?

Control urine flow Signup and view all the answers

How does the cervix change during pregnancy?

It forms a mucus plug Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological change occurs during pregnancy?

Increase in blood volume Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided to prevent orthostatic hypotensive syndromes during pregnancy?

Supine position Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration of aerobic exercise for pregnant individuals?

20 - 45 minutes daily Signup and view all the answers

How does blood pressure typically change during pregnancy?

It slightly decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is a major concern for hydration during maternal exercise?

Electrolyte imbalance Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the respiratory changes that occur during pregnancy?

Increased risk of muscle soreness Signup and view all the answers

Which metabolic change involves an increase during pregnancy?

Caloric requirements by approximately 300 calories per day Signup and view all the answers

What urinary change is common due to the growing baby during pregnancy?

Increased frequent urination Signup and view all the answers

Which skin change typically resolves after pregnancy?

Dark pigmented line on abdomen (Linea Nigra) Signup and view all the answers

What biomechanical change often leads to increased structural discomfort during pregnancy?

Increased spinal curves Signup and view all the answers

What is a common digestive change experienced during pregnancy?

Relaxation of stomach smooth muscle causing heartburn Signup and view all the answers

What change in body system characteristics is typically observed during the first trimester?

Significant increase in nausea and fatigue Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes breast changes during pregnancy?

Tenderness and tightness are common early in pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common muscle change during pregnancy?

Strengthening of abdominal muscles Signup and view all the answers

What adjustment may be necessary due to respiratory changes during pregnancy?

Adjust exercise intensity level and duration Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended weight gain for women classified as underweight during pregnancy?

28-40 pounds Signup and view all the answers

What exercise is considered the safest for pregnant women?

Stationary cycling Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of exercise during pregnancy?

Increased caloric expenditure Signup and view all the answers

After how many months of pregnancy should exercises like crunches generally be avoided?

4 months Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome for infants of mothers who exercise during pregnancy?

Healthier profiles in terms of body mass Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main concerns historically associated with exercise during pregnancy?

Increases in body temperature Signup and view all the answers

Which activity is encouraged for pregnant women to help maintain health?

Walking Signup and view all the answers

What effect can exercise during pregnancy have on labor and delivery?

Shortens the expulsion phase Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of women who exercise during pregnancy continue after childbirth?

90% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following benefits is associated with women exercising during pregnancy?

Bouncing back to pre-pregnancy weight more quickly Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Physical Changes During Pregnancy

Pregnancy is divided into three trimesters.
The embryonic phase lasts from fertilization to the 8th week of gestation, when the embryo becomes a fetus.
By day 35, the fetal heart begins beating, and eye and limb buds develop.
First trimester = weeks 1-13
Second trimester = weeks 14-26
Third trimester = weeks 27 onward (38-40 weeks)

Gestational Age

Gestational age is calculated from the last menstrual period (LMP).
Estimated Date of Confinement (EDC) / Delivery (EDD)/Birth is calculated according to LMP
266 days after fertilization
280 days after the onset of LMP

Embryo at Eight Weeks

The embryonic period ends at the 8th week.

Nagele's Rule

Used to estimate the due date (EDD). Add 7 days to the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP), subtract 3 months, and add 1 year.

Month 5 (20 weeks)

Baby is 8-10 inches long, and weighs approximately 1 pound.
Hair begins to grow on the head.
A soft, woolly hair called lanugo covers the body.
Fetal movement (quickening) can be felt by the mother.

Month 7 (28 weeks)

Baby is 14-16 inches long, and weighs 2 1/2-3 pounds.
Taste buds have developed, and fat layers are forming.
Most organs begin to mature.
Skin is wrinkled and red.

Month 8 (32 weeks)

Baby is 16 1/2-18 inches long and weighs around 4.5 pounds.
Overall growth is rapid, and brain development is significant.
Most body organs are developed except the lungs.
Movements or "kicks" are noticeable from the outside.
Kidneys are mature, and fingernails extend beyond the fingertips. The skin may be less wrinkled.

Month 9 (38 weeks)

Baby is 19-20 inches long, and weighs around 7 pounds.
The lungs are mature.
Baby is developed and can survive outside the womb.
Skin is pink and smooth
Baby settles lower in the abdomen, and may be less active.

Embryonic Membranes

The amnion surrounds the embryo.
The umbilical cord forms from structures in the connecting stalk.

Development of Organ Systems

Organ systems develop during pregnancy

Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular system is the first system to function in the fetus.
Fetal heart rate is 120-160 beats per minute.
The heart begins beating during the 4th week after fertilization.
Blood cells form during the 3rd week.

Neurological System

Formed from the ectoderm from the 3rd week.
Swallowing, fetal movement (quickening), respiratory effort, and sucking develop at different stages.
Some myelinization begins in the nervous system after birth.

Gastrointestinal System

Forms during the 4th week of development.
Meconium (dark, tarry waste) accumulates in the fetal intestine.
A baby may aspirate meconium if born before term.

Renal System

Kidneys develop in the 5th week; function begins 4 weeks later.
Urine can be voided into amniotic fluid.
Uterine problems can be diagnosed before birth.
Glomerular filtration rate is low at birth.

Endocrine System

Thyroid gland is the first to develop.
Insulin production begins at 20 weeks.

Integumentary System

Two layers of cells develop by the 7th week.
Vernix caseosa protects the skin, and lanugo (fine hair) is present.
Fingernails and toenails begin to develop by the 10th week.

Response of the Mother's Body to Pregnancy

The mother's blood volume increases dramatically.
The mother's breasts will change from the start of pregnancy.
Fluids in maternal tissue increase.
Maternal fat and nutrient stores are increased.

Rate of Weight Gain

Weight gain is based on pre-pregnancy weight and body mass index (BMI).
Healthy weight women should gain 25-35 pounds.
Underweight women should gain 28-40 pounds.
Overweight women should gain 15-25 pounds.
Obese women should gain 15 pounds

Thermoregulation

Metabolic storage occurs in the body core to maintain temperature.
Heat is transferred to the environment during pregnancy.
Evaporation, conduction, convection, and radiation are mechanisms used to regulate temperature.

Nutrition During Pregnancy

Increased caloric intake needed daily during pregnancy, especially during the second and third trimesters .
Increased needs for Vitamins and proteins during pregnancy.

Risks of Gaining Too Much Weight

Potential medical problems arise with excessive weight gain during pregnancy.
Gestational diabetes, Backaches, Preeclampsia, leg pain, increased fatigue, varicose veins, and an increased risk of cesarean delivery are among these concerns.

Anatomical Changes

Pelvis, pelvic floor muscles, uterus, uterine ligaments, cervix, placenta, and amniotic fluid are aspects of pregnancy anatomy that change.

Pelvis

Pelvic measurements are of interest during pregnancy due to possible complications if the pelvis is too narrow.
Pelvis dimensions vary. This is important when considering childbirth.

Pelvic Floor Muscles

Pelvic floor muscles are involved in maintaining the alignment and support of internal organs. These muscles affect urine flow and sexual functions.

Pelvic Floor Functions

The pelvic floor supports internal organs, regulates urine flow, and enhances sexual function. It aids in elimination and recovery from episiotomy.

Uterus & Uterine Ligaments

The uterus expands significantly during pregnancy.
Uterine ligaments attach the uterus to the pelvic girdle.

Diastasis Recti

Describes separation of the abdominal rectus muscles.
During pregnancy, abdominal muscles can separate.

Cervix

The cervix becomes softer and has an increased blood supply during pregnancy.
A mucus plug forms during pregnancy.
The cervix weakens significantly.

Placenta

The placenta develops in the uterus of a pregnant mother.
It connects to the fetus via the umbilical cord.
Maternal tissues give rise to the placenta.

Amniotic Sac & Fluid

Amniotic fluid fills the sac that encircles the fetus, cushioning it.
The amniotic sac and its fluid support fetal development.

Physiological Changes

Circulatory, thermoregulatory, metabolic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, skin, breast and biomechenical changes occur during pregnancy

Cardiovascular Changes

Blood volume, cardiac output, and stroke volume increase during pregnancy.
Hematocrit, blood pressure, blood supply to the uterus, and cardiac reserve decrease during pregnancy.

Orthostatic Hypotensive Syndromes

Orthostatic hypotension during pregnancy is a concern.
Supine positioning during exercise should be avoided.
Aerobic and other exercises should be done with caution.

Water

Hydration is critical during maternal exercise.
Provide a ready water supply, encourage frequent water breaks.

Metabolic Changes

Insulin levels, carbohydrate utilization, estrogen, progesterone, relaxin, caloric requirements, and protein and fluid needs increase during pregnancy.

Respiratory Changes

Respiratory capacity and pulmonary reserve decrease during pregnancy. This can lead to shortness of breath.
Increased risk of muscle soreness and the tendency to hyperventilate can occur during pregnancy due to respiratory changes.

Digestive Changes

The digestive system slows down, intestines move to the sides and upwards, smooth muscle relaxes, and the risk of heartburn and constipation increases.

Urinary Changes

Kidneys enlarge and filter more blood due to increased blood volume.
Increased susceptibility to bladder and kidney infections is common during pregnancy.
Bladder compression leads to frequent urination and incontinence.

Skin Changes

Stretch marks, a dark-pigmented line on the abdomen (linea nigra), pigment changes on the face and neck, and small blood vessels can all result from pregnancy changes.

Breast Changes

Breast tenderness and tightness are common during the early stages of pregnancy.
Breasts grow, and blood vessels become more visible.
Nipples become larger and darker.
A thick yellowish fluid can be expressed from the nipples during pregnancy.

Biomechanical Changes

Weight distribution shifts, joint laxity increases.
Spinal curves become more pronounced, increasing potential for nerve compression.

Postural Dynamics

Posterior curves in the spine increase, and forward shifts in the pelvis cause changes in postural dynamics during pregnancy.
Muscles in the pelvic floor are more susceptible to changes.

Muscles Affected

Gluteal, hamstring, abdominal, pelvic floor, and upper back muscles are frequently affected by changes in pregnancy.

Changes to Body Systems (First, Second, and Third Trimesters)

Summarises effects of pregnancy on body systems by trimester.

Exercise During Pregnancy

Exercise recommendations for women during pregnancy.
Benefits of exercise to both mother and child, including fewer musculoskeletal complaints, a better body image, less weight gain, and a reduced chance of complications.
Exercise should consider factors like hydration, safety concerns, exercise mode, and intensity for pregnant women.

Benefits for Prenatal Period

Benefits for expectant mothers and their babies due to exercising mothers, including infants' smaller size, shorter gestation periods, and shorter labors

Exercise and Pregnancy (Cardiovascular & Fitness benefits, Other benefits to women)

Exercise benefits, risks, and considerations during pregnancy.
Positive effects of exercise during pregnancy include improved cardiovascular health.
Increased plasma volume from exercise is additive in pregnancy.
Cardio and fitness benefits are increased during pregnancy.

How Much Weight Should I Gain?

Weight gain guidelines for pregnant women based on pre-pregnancy weight.
Women who are underweight should gain 28-40 pounds, normal weight women should gain 25-37 pounds, overweight women should gain 15-25 pounds, and obese women 15 pounds during pregnancy

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on pregnancy stages, gestation period, and fetal growth with this informative quiz. It covers key concepts such as Nagele's Rule, fetal weight, and nutritional needs during pregnancy. Perfect for students studying maternal health and fetal development.