Prefixes and Suffixes

• Exam One will focus on important prefixes and suffixes.

Prefixes

• Hyper means above or excessive.
• Hypo means below or deficient.
• Pan means all.
• Dys means difficult, painful, or abnormal.
• Endo means within.
• Peri means around.
• Pre means before.

Suffixes

• Ectomy means excision or removal.
• Otomy means cutting into or incision.
• Ostomy means creating an artificial opening.
  • Ectomy begins with a knee, which can help you remember it.
• Otomy or tomy means incision.
  • Colotomy stands for incision.
  • Colectomy means removing part of the colon
• Ostomy, with an "s", means an artificial opening.
  • Colostomy bags are an example of an artificial opening.
• Scope is the instrument.
• Scopy is the procedure.
• -scoppi is the suffix, which is the visual examination, the actual procedure.
  • Laparoscopy is the procedure.
  • Laparoscope is the instrument used for the procedure.
  • Colonoscope is the instrument.
  • Colonoscopy is the procedure.
• Nephro refers to the kidney.
• Cysto refers to the bladder.

Hemodialysis vs. Peritoneal Dialysis

• Hemodialysis is the more common form of dialysis.
  • During hemodialysis, one goes to a dialysis unit, gets hooked up to a machine, and the blood is drawn out to be cleaned before it's put back in.
• Peritoneal dialysis uses the peritoneum.
• Kidneys are damaged or not working correctly, dialysis may be needed.

Key Terms

• Azotemia is a toxic condition resulting from kidney disease where urea and nitrogen are found in the blood.
  • Emia means always in the blood, and azoto is urea or nitrogen.
• Auresis and urinary incontinence are two terms where you need to know the difference.
• Enuresis means involuntary discharge of urine.
• Anurea means without.
  • So it means kind of means without urine, unable to produce
• Incontinence is the loss of self-control over urine or feces.
• Hypopituitarism: To understand the definition, Identify the gland (pituitary) and understand that hypo means not enough or deficient.
  • Pan hypopituitarism refers to a state of total deficient pituitary gland activity.

Diabetes

• Type 1 and Type 2
• In the textbook, symptoms, treatment, characteristics,and causes for each will be given.
• Diabetes Type 1 has an abrupt onset and is primarily in children, who are usually thin.
• Type 2 is more common, has a slow onset, and usually occurs in middle-aged or elderly adults, who are mostly obese.

Addison's, Graves, and Cushing's Diseases

• Important to know the differences between Addison's, Graves, and Cushing's.
• Addison's is a chronic syndrome.
  • Deficiency in the hormonal secretion from the adrenal cortex.
• Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder where the body's tissues are attacking itself.
  • Exophthalmus is an abormal protrusion of the eyeballs.
  • Goiter refers to a large thyroid.
• Cushing's exhibits excessive production of cortisol.
  • Patients usually present with a moon face (round face), pads of fat on the chest and abdomen, and a buffalo hump (fat on the upper back near the shoulders).
• Myxedema is a condition resulting from a deficiency in thyroid hormone thyroxine.
  • Symptoms can inlcude puffiness, enlarged tongue, and slow speech.
• Tetany affects the nerves and causes spasm in the muscles due to low amounts of calcium in the blood caused by a deficiency of the parathyroid hormone.
• Hashimoto thyroiditis is an autoimmune issue
  • .It's characterized by hypothyroidism, because if the cells are destroyed, then they can't work properly, and then you would have goitre
• Mitragia is excessive bleeding from the uterus.
• Menomatragia is excessive bleeding from the uterus at menstruation and between cycles meaning it's heavy, irregular bleeding.

Cardiovascular Definitions

• Autoimmune disease means that the body attacks its own tissues because It can't distinguish its own cells from harm bodies.
  • Examples include Lupus which has the full name is systemic lupus erythematosus
• Lymphadenopathy is where the lymph nodes are abnormal enlargement.
• Anaphylaxis is the severe reaction from an allergy and is an exaggerated reaction to a previously encountered Antigen. -Anaphylactic shock is Anaphylaxis
• Hemoglobin (Hgb) pertains to the protein in the red blood cells that carry the oxygen, also looking at the level of hemoglobin.
• Hematocrit (Hct) is a lab test that determines the percentage of a blood sample that's composed of erythrocytes.
• Hemophilia is an inherited blood or bleeding disorder with a deficiency in coagulation factor 8.
• Hemostasis is stopping or controlling blood.
• Ptt and Pt are blood tests that assess blood clotting.
• Thrombus is a clot.
• Embolus is a traveling clot.
• Echocardiogram uses sound waves to take a look at heart structures.
  • Echo is always sound.
• Ekg/Ecg is an electrocardiogram, which uses waves to look at the electrical activity in the heart.
• Cardiac catheterization is when they insert the catheter into the groin area and up to the heart.
• The Stent is a scaffolding device that you put into a blocked artery with a balloon catheter. -It's an actual structure.
• Ptca is similar to stent, but you don't use one.
• Heart failure is when there's an inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body. -Sometimes is called congestive heart failure.
• A pacemaker helps when there's an abnormal heart rhythm. -Leads are placed on the heart and make sure that the rhythm stays the same.
• Fibrillation is when there's a rapid, quivering, uncoordinated contractions of the atria, causing Arrhythmia.
  • Tachy means fast.
• Brewy and Murmur are abnormal, vascular sounds, but the way you hear them is different. -The murmur is in the heart, the brewy is in the vascular areas.
• Angina pectoris: angina means chest pain.
  • It is not a heart attack. It's just the pain that you feel when there's insufficient blood supply.

Urinary System Definitions

• Hypospadias and epispadias are congenital defects where the urinary meatus is in the wrong spot.
  • Hypospadias is on the lower end of the urinary meatus.
  • Epispadias is on the upper part.
• Dre is an abbreviation for digital rectal exam, where a gloved finger is inserted into the rectum to palpate the prostate.
• Anorchism is the absence of testes.
• Cryptorchidism is hidden or undescended testes.

Reproductive Terms

• Hpv stands for human papillomavirus, otherwise known as genital warts.
• STDs can be bacterial or viral.
  • Genital Herpes is viral and caused by Herpes Simplex type 2.
  • Gonorrhea is bacterial.
• Speculum is an actual instrument that allows for visualization in a body cavity.
• Tubal ligation is a female sterilization procedure in which the Fallopian tubes are cut and burned.
  • This is also known as a female sterilization procedure.
• Dilation means to widen.
  • The dilation is the D and is a procedure to widen the cervix.
• Curettage C is when you remove the contents of the uterus using a Curette which is the actual instrument.
• Hysterectomy is the removal of the uterus. –There are 3 different types.
• Obstetrics is for moms being pregnant and having babies.
• Neonatology is for the newborn baby itself.
• Gynecology is just for female reproductive issues.
• Postpartum is for mom and means after birth.
• Postnatal is for the baby when, after birth.
• Ectopic pregnancy is where the fertilized egg implants in the tube and not in the uterus
• Amniotomy is an incision into the amniotic sac.
• Episiotomy is an incision into the vulva, preventing traumatic tear.
• Amniocentesis is the other word we look at with amnio sentes, remember, is always surgical puncture to aspirate fluid
• Abruptio placentae: The premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall.
• Placenta previa is where the placenta has moved down from the top of the uterus.