Predation and Prey Interactions
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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of the interaction between predator and prey?

  • Evolutionary outcomes (correct)
  • Technological advancements
  • Co-evolution limitations
  • Predation evasion

    • What does the fly mimicking a spider help with?

  • Building a nest
  • Attracting mates
  • Avoiding predation (correct)
  • Hunting for prey

    • What can limit the introduction of new technological improvements in animals?

  • Mutation and rate of selection (correct)
  • Co-evolution limitations
  • Cost-benefit balance
  • Availability of technology

    • What leads to cycles of extinction or steady states?

    <p>Mutation and rate of selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines when an animal possesses certain traits?

    <p>Cost-benefit balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the contrasting possibilities mentioned in the text related to?

    <p>Interaction between predator and prey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept represents the distribution of encephalization quotient of an organism?

    <p>Encephalisation quotient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor led to the end of the arms race between countries?

    <p>New technology like submarines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic of organisms with a solid line in the graph, which represents the encephalization quotient?

    <p>They are herbivorous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Tetrodotoxin (TTX) cause in humans?

    <p>Paralysis and comas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What variation exists in snake populations in relation to Tetrodotoxin (TTX) resistance?

    <p>Variation in protein structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organ do moths possess that makes them sensitive to sound waves?

    <p>Sac-like organ sensitive to sound waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the experiment involving moth coating removal suggest about their evolution?

    <p>Moths have evolved to absorb ultrasound from bats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of organisms represented by solid lines on the graph?

    <p>They are herbivorous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the end of the arms race between countries according to the text?

    <p>New technology like submarines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes organisms with a solid line in the graph representing the encephalization quotient?

    <p>They are herbivorous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does TTX cause in humans according to the text?

    <p>Paralysis and comas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organ do moths possess that makes them sensitive to sound waves according to the text?

    <p>Sac-like organ sensitive to sound waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the moth producing sonar at much lower volumes?

    <p>To jam the sonar of bats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the top left moth being aposematic (repelling colour)?

    <p>To repel bats by emitting a harsh noise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the black moth that also mimics the top left moth?

    <p>Produces a harsh noise to put off bats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the moth that produces a massive wall of sound?

    <p>Repels bats by emitting a harsh noise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the predictions of models on the top of the slide suggest about the control moth when exposed to bats?

    <p>Bats will initially have low success in catching it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the warning signal produced by some moths when approached by bats?

    <p>To concentrate bat's attention on their tail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the buzz produced by bats when they get close to moths?

    <p>Prevents terminal buzz approach catching by moths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of many moths growing big tails?

    <p>Deflects attention of predators from their body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of startling the bat with sound initially?

    <p>Bats become better at learning to avoid sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do experiments with different moths and bat species suggest about bat learning?

    <p>Different bat species show different abilities in learning to avoid moth sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Predator-Prey Interaction

    • Focuses on the dynamics of survival strategies and adaptations.
    • The relationship illustrates evolutionary pressures where predators evolve traits to hunt effectively while prey develop defenses.

    Fly Mimicking Spider

    • Helps the fly avoid predation by tricking potential predators into thinking it is not a target.

    Limiting Technological Improvements

    • Factors include ecological constraints, resource availability, and adaptive significance of traits for survival.

    Cycles of Extinction and Steady States

    • Driven by environmental changes, competition, and evolutionary pressures leading to fluctuations in species survival.

    Determining Animal Traits

    • Influenced by genetic makeup, environmental conditions, and evolutionary history shaping survival advantages.

    Contrasting Possibilities

    • Mentioned with respect to evolutionary pathways and potential outcomes for species adaptations.

    Encephalization Quotient

    • Represents the relative brain size of an organism compared to body size, indicating cognitive abilities.

    Arms Race Conclusion

    • Stemming from mutual understanding of limited resources and the unsustainable nature of continuous escalation among countries.

    Solid Line Characteristics

    • Organisms with solid lines in graphs typically exhibit advanced cognitive capabilities reflected in higher encephalization quotients.

    Tetrodotoxin (TTX) Impact on Humans

    • Causes paralysis and can be lethal by blocking sodium channels, impacting nerve function.

    Snake Population Variation and TTX Resistance

    • Some snake species show adaptation to develop varying resistance against TTX, influencing their survival strategies.

    Moth's Sensitivity to Sound

    • Moths possess specialized hearing organs that detect sound waves, crucial for evading predators like bats.

    Moth Coating Removal Experiment

    • Suggested that evolutionary pressures led to physical adaptations for better survival against predatory threats.

    Characteristics of Solid Line Organisms

    • Reflect enhanced cognitive functions correlated with survival and reproductive success.

    Warning Signals from Moths

    • Warning signals serve to deter predators when approached, enhancing survival chances against bats.

    Bat Buzz Function

    • Bats produce a buzz when close to moths to locate them, playing a role in hunting strategies.

    Moths Growing Big Tails

    • Serves as a mechanism for evasion, distracting predators and assisting in escape from attacks.

    Startling Bats with Sound

    • Initial startling may disrupt the bat's hunting process, providing moths a fleeting chance to escape.

    Bat Learning from Experiments

    • Studies with varying moth and bat species suggest that bats can learn to recognize different prey and adapt their hunting techniques accordingly.

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    Related Documents

    Predation: Evolutionary Outcomes & Arms Races PDF

    Description

    Explore the evolutionary outcomes and theoretical possibilities in the interactions between predators and prey. Understand how mimicking behaviors and technological limitations contribute to the dynamics of predation.

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