59 Questions
What is the primary aim of taking a reductionist view when investigating animal behaviour?
To partition a specific behaviour into its component parts
What is the primary goal of a predator in terms of prey?
To locate and consume prey
What is a potential cost for prey that are constantly vigilant for predators?
Time + energy cost
What is the concept of 'core areas' related to in the context of predators?
Home range utilisation
How can prey adapt to avoid predators according to the text?
By changing their spatial patterns
What is a potential benefit for prey that can assess the risk of predation and adjust their behaviour accordingly?
Ability to utilise all parts of their home range
What is the main difference between the predator's and prey's perspective on energy costs?
Both consider energy costs, but in different ways
What is the main advantage of the reductionist approach in understanding animal behaviour?
It enables the identification of specific components of behaviour
What is the primary consequence of predators not using all parts of their home range equally?
Differential patterns of habitat utilisation
What is the ultimate goal of prey adopting strategies to avoid predators?
To avoid being predated
What is the possible explanation for the shift in crepuscular activity of brown antechinus in areas with high sugar glider abundance?
Temporal avoidance/temporal partitioning
What is the likely outcome for prey species that evolved alongside predators but are now found on islands without predators?
Loss of anti-predator responses
How do humans affect wildlife 'decision making'?
Through habitat modification and hunting
What is a unique feature of humans compared to other predators?
Ability to kill at a distance using technology
What is the general trend observed in species' daily activity in response to human activity?
Increased nocturnal activity
What is the effect of human activity on lions and spotted hyenas?
Lions have reduced access, while spotted hyenas have increased access
What is true about mega-fauna?
They are relatively invulnerable to predation as adults, but not to humans
What is the result of increased human activity on prey species for lions?
Greater access to 5 prey species, reduced access to 5
What is the result of increased human activity on prey species for leopards?
Greater access to 6 prey species, reduced access to 4
What is the main reason why prey tend to underestimate risk?
Because they never have perfect information
What is the term used to describe the idea that prey avoid predators to avoid risk?
Landscapes of Fear
In the study on grey squirrels and pine martens, what did the results show?
Grey squirrels did not reduce the number of visits after the pine marten scent was added
What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where a negative relationship between predator and prey arises due to reasons other than fear?
Competitive Release
Why do red squirrels benefit from the presence of pine martens?
Because they have a common evolutionary history and know to avoid pine martens
What is the main reason why patterns of spatial avoidance may not be permanent?
Because predators adjust their movements to identify where the prey are
What is the main reason why predators are not active for the full 24 hours each day?
Because they have different patterns of activity
What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where a species varies its 24-hour pattern of activity within a species, e.g. between seasons?
Seasonal variation
What was the result of the study on the 24-hour patterns of activity of species in a fragmented region of habitat in Australia?
All species were nocturnal
What is the main difference between the resolution of risk provided by different senses?
Sight provides a higher resolution of risk than smell
What is the primary reason why prey may not be able to perfectly avoid predators?
Prey never have perfect information
What is the term used to describe a phenomenon where a negative relationship between predator and prey arises due to reasons other than fear?
Competitive Release
What is the primary reason why the negative relationship between pine martens and grey squirrels is not a true Landscapes of Fear?
Grey squirrels do not recognize pine martens as a threat
What is the primary difference between the resolution of risk provided by different senses?
Sight provides more precise information than smell
What is the primary reason why prey may vary their 24-hour pattern of activity within a species?
To adapt to changing environmental conditions
What is the primary advantage of monitoring the activity of prey in the presence of predators to prove the existence of Landscapes of Fear?
It allows for the control of other variables
What is the primary reason why patterns of spatial avoidance may not be permanent?
Predators adjust their movements to identify where prey are
What is the primary benefit of the presence of pine martens for red squirrels?
Red squirrels have a common evolutionary history with pine martens
What is the primary difference between the activity patterns of red and grey squirrels?
Red squirrels have a different 24-hour pattern of activity in coniferous forests
What is the primary reason why the reintroduction of predators in Yellowstone in 1995-1996 is a relevant example of Landscapes of Fear?
It demonstrates the impact of predators on prey behavior
What is the likely consequence of human activity on the diet of lions and spotted hyenas?
They will become dependent on a narrower range of prey species
In areas with high sugar glider abundance, what did brown antechinus do to avoid them?
They shifted their crepuscular activity to later in the morning and earlier in the evening
What is a characteristic of mega-fauna that makes them vulnerable to humans?
Their relative invulnerability to predation as adults
What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where species adjust their activity pattern to avoid predators or human activity?
Temporal avoidance
What is the outcome of the absence of predators on prey species that evolved alongside them?
They lose their anti-predator responses
What is the effect of human activity on the daily activity patterns of species?
They exhibit more nocturnal activity
What is the characteristic of humans that sets them apart from other predators?
Their ability to kill at distance
What is the result of human activity on the availability of prey species for leopards?
They have greater access to 5 prey species, but reduced access to 4
What is the outcome of temporal avoidance in areas with high sugar glider abundance?
Brown antechinus shifted their crepuscular activity to earlier in the morning and later in the evening
What is the consequence of human activity on wildlife 'decision making'?
They change their daily activity patterns
What is the primary consequence of predators not using all parts of their home range equally?
Differential patterns of habitat utilisation emerge
What is a common consideration for predators when selecting which prey to target?
Time and energy costs
What is a potential benefit for prey that can assess the risk of predation and adjust their spatial patterns accordingly?
Reduced risk of predation
What is a key difference between the predator's and prey's perspective on energy costs?
Both predators and prey consider energy costs, but in different ways
What is a common strategy adopted by prey to avoid predators?
Being vigilant and altering spatial patterns
What is the primary reason why predators need to locate prey?
To ensure their survival
What is a likely consequence of prey not being vigilant for predators?
Greater risk of predation
What is the main advantage of taking a reductionist view when investigating animal behaviour?
It enables researchers to focus on the most critical aspects of behaviour
What is a potential cost for predators that are constantly chasing prey?
Increased energy costs
What is the primary reason why prey alter their spatial patterns to avoid predators?
To avoid the risk of predation
Test your understanding of the complexities of predator-prey interactions, including the costs and benefits associated with hunting and evading predators. Explore the key components of this vital aspect of animal behaviour.
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