Animal Behaviour: Predator-Prey Interactions
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary aim of taking a reductionist view when investigating animal behaviour?

  • To partition a specific behaviour into its component parts (correct)
  • To study the habitat utilisation patterns of predators
  • To assess the time + energy costs of prey behaviour
  • To understand the predator-prey relationship

    • What is the primary goal of a predator in terms of prey?

  • To be vigilant and avoid being attacked
  • To defend its carcass from other predators
  • To locate and consume prey (correct)
  • To find food and avoid being predated

    • What is a potential cost for prey that are constantly vigilant for predators?

  • Time + energy cost (correct)
  • Risk of being attacked
  • Risk of parasitism
  • Risk of injury

    • What is the concept of 'core areas' related to in the context of predators?

    <p>Home range utilisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can prey adapt to avoid predators according to the text?

    <p>By changing their spatial patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit for prey that can assess the risk of predation and adjust their behaviour accordingly?

    <p>Ability to utilise all parts of their home range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the predator's and prey's perspective on energy costs?

    <p>Both consider energy costs, but in different ways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of the reductionist approach in understanding animal behaviour?

    <p>It enables the identification of specific components of behaviour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of predators not using all parts of their home range equally?

    <p>Differential patterns of habitat utilisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of prey adopting strategies to avoid predators?

    <p>To avoid being predated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the possible explanation for the shift in crepuscular activity of brown antechinus in areas with high sugar glider abundance?

    <p>Temporal avoidance/temporal partitioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely outcome for prey species that evolved alongside predators but are now found on islands without predators?

    <p>Loss of anti-predator responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do humans affect wildlife 'decision making'?

    <p>Through habitat modification and hunting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of humans compared to other predators?

    <p>Ability to kill at a distance using technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general trend observed in species' daily activity in response to human activity?

    <p>Increased nocturnal activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of human activity on lions and spotted hyenas?

    <p>Lions have reduced access, while spotted hyenas have increased access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about mega-fauna?

    <p>They are relatively invulnerable to predation as adults, but not to humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increased human activity on prey species for lions?

    <p>Greater access to 5 prey species, reduced access to 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increased human activity on prey species for leopards?

    <p>Greater access to 6 prey species, reduced access to 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why prey tend to underestimate risk?

    <p>Because they never have perfect information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the idea that prey avoid predators to avoid risk?

    <p>Landscapes of Fear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study on grey squirrels and pine martens, what did the results show?

    <p>Grey squirrels did not reduce the number of visits after the pine marten scent was added</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where a negative relationship between predator and prey arises due to reasons other than fear?

    <p>Competitive Release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do red squirrels benefit from the presence of pine martens?

    <p>Because they have a common evolutionary history and know to avoid pine martens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why patterns of spatial avoidance may not be permanent?

    <p>Because predators adjust their movements to identify where the prey are</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why predators are not active for the full 24 hours each day?

    <p>Because they have different patterns of activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where a species varies its 24-hour pattern of activity within a species, e.g. between seasons?

    <p>Seasonal variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the study on the 24-hour patterns of activity of species in a fragmented region of habitat in Australia?

    <p>All species were nocturnal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the resolution of risk provided by different senses?

    <p>Sight provides a higher resolution of risk than smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why prey may not be able to perfectly avoid predators?

    <p>Prey never have perfect information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a phenomenon where a negative relationship between predator and prey arises due to reasons other than fear?

    <p>Competitive Release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why the negative relationship between pine martens and grey squirrels is not a true Landscapes of Fear?

    <p>Grey squirrels do not recognize pine martens as a threat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the resolution of risk provided by different senses?

    <p>Sight provides more precise information than smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why prey may vary their 24-hour pattern of activity within a species?

    <p>To adapt to changing environmental conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of monitoring the activity of prey in the presence of predators to prove the existence of Landscapes of Fear?

    <p>It allows for the control of other variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why patterns of spatial avoidance may not be permanent?

    <p>Predators adjust their movements to identify where prey are</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of the presence of pine martens for red squirrels?

    <p>Red squirrels have a common evolutionary history with pine martens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the activity patterns of red and grey squirrels?

    <p>Red squirrels have a different 24-hour pattern of activity in coniferous forests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why the reintroduction of predators in Yellowstone in 1995-1996 is a relevant example of Landscapes of Fear?

    <p>It demonstrates the impact of predators on prey behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely consequence of human activity on the diet of lions and spotted hyenas?

    <p>They will become dependent on a narrower range of prey species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In areas with high sugar glider abundance, what did brown antechinus do to avoid them?

    <p>They shifted their crepuscular activity to later in the morning and earlier in the evening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of mega-fauna that makes them vulnerable to humans?

    <p>Their relative invulnerability to predation as adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where species adjust their activity pattern to avoid predators or human activity?

    <p>Temporal avoidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the absence of predators on prey species that evolved alongside them?

    <p>They lose their anti-predator responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of human activity on the daily activity patterns of species?

    <p>They exhibit more nocturnal activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of humans that sets them apart from other predators?

    <p>Their ability to kill at distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of human activity on the availability of prey species for leopards?

    <p>They have greater access to 5 prey species, but reduced access to 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of temporal avoidance in areas with high sugar glider abundance?

    <p>Brown antechinus shifted their crepuscular activity to earlier in the morning and later in the evening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of human activity on wildlife 'decision making'?

    <p>They change their daily activity patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of predators not using all parts of their home range equally?

    <p>Differential patterns of habitat utilisation emerge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consideration for predators when selecting which prey to target?

    <p>Time and energy costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit for prey that can assess the risk of predation and adjust their spatial patterns accordingly?

    <p>Reduced risk of predation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between the predator's and prey's perspective on energy costs?

    <p>Both predators and prey consider energy costs, but in different ways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common strategy adopted by prey to avoid predators?

    <p>Being vigilant and altering spatial patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why predators need to locate prey?

    <p>To ensure their survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely consequence of prey not being vigilant for predators?

    <p>Greater risk of predation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of taking a reductionist view when investigating animal behaviour?

    <p>It enables researchers to focus on the most critical aspects of behaviour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential cost for predators that are constantly chasing prey?

    <p>Increased energy costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why prey alter their spatial patterns to avoid predators?

    <p>To avoid the risk of predation</p> Signup and view all the answers

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