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Questions and Answers
What is one function of the skeletal system related to the storage of minerals?
Which type of cartilage is primarily responsible for providing strength to joints?
What is the main role of chondrocytes in cartilage?
Which component of the skeletal system helps connect muscles to bones?
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What role does the rib cage play in the skeletal system?
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The perichondrium is primarily composed of which of the following?
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Which of the following options accurately describes the cartilage matrix?
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What is one factor that ligaments contribute to in the skeletal system?
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What is the primary process through which new cartilage matrix is added to the surface of existing cartilage?
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Which component makes up 35% of the organic matrix in bone?
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What type of cells are responsible for the formation of new bone?
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Osteoclasts are derived from which lineage of cells?
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Which of the following structures is occupied by osteocyte cell extensions?
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Which of the following statements about osteocytes is correct?
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During bone remodeling, which type of cell is recruited by osteoblasts?
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What is the function of the ruffled border found on osteoclasts?
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What role do osteoclasts play in bone histology?
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Which type of bone is characterized by collagen fibers that are randomly oriented?
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What is the primary structure associated with compact bone?
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In which part of the compact bone would you find blood vessels and nerves?
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Which of the following describes tufts of lamellae with osteocytes in spongy bone?
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What feature distinguishes lamellar bone from woven bone?
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Which type of canal connects adjacent osteons in compact bone?
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What is the structural role of canaliculi in bone tissue?
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What is the primary function of intramembranous ossification?
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Which vitamin is essential for collagen synthesis by osteoblasts?
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How does parathyroid hormone affect bone metabolism?
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What is the role of calcitonin in calcium homeostasis?
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What initiates bone growth in length during development?
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Which hormones are primarily responsible for growth during puberty?
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What is the effect of a deficiency in vitamin D during childhood?
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What is the average lifespan of a basic multicellular unit (BMU) involved in bone remodeling?
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Which process involves the replacement of old bone with new bone?
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What process occurs at the periosteum to increase bone width?
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What are the primary minerals stored in bones?
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Which component of the bone provides flexible strength to the bone matrix?
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Which bone is NOT developed through intramembranous ossification?
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Active bone resorption is primarily the function of which type of bone cell?
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Blood calcium levels are regulated by the movement of which mineral in and out of the bone?
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Which function does NOT belong to the skeletal system?
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Which of the following statements about ligaments is correct?
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How does the skeletal system contribute to calcium homeostasis?
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Study Notes
Prayer Before Class
- Invokes the Holy Spirit for enlightenment and wisdom.
- Seeks clarity of thought, memory retention, and guidance in learning.
- Requests successful completion of tasks through Jesus Christ.
The Skeletal System: Overview
- Major minerals stored in bones include calcium and phosphorus.
- Collagen imparts flexibility to the bone matrix allowing for strength.
- Intramembranous ossification is responsible for forming bones such as the mandible and certain skull bones, excluding the humerus.
Functions of the Skeletal System
- Provides support, crucial for bearing weight and structure.
- Offers protection for vital organs like the brain (skull), spinal cord (vertebrae), and thoracic organs (rib cage).
- Facilitates movement via muscular attachments through tendons; joints allow flexibility.
- Functions in storage, holding minerals like calcium and phosphorus, along with adipose tissue in marrow cavities.
- Responsible for blood cell production in bone marrow, producing blood cells and platelets.
Components of the Skeletal System
- Comprised of bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
Types of Cartilage
- Hyaline cartilage: Provides support and flexibility.
- Fibrocartilage: Tougher, provides tensile strength.
- Elastic cartilage: Flexible and resilient.
Bone Histology
- Bone matrix composed of 35% organic material (collagen, proteoglycans) and 65% inorganic material (hydroxyapatite).
- Key cells include:
- Osteoblasts: Build bone; connect and communicate through cell extensions.
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells, important for maintenance of the bone matrix.
- Osteoclasts: Multinucleated cells responsible for bone resorption.
Bone Development
- Intramembranous ossification begins around the 8th week of embryonic development and forms cranial bones and part of the mandible.
- Endochondral ossification involves a cartilage model and develops throughout childhood, forming the base of the skull and long bones.
Bone Growth
- Growth in length occurs at the epiphyseal plate through interstitial cartilage growth followed by appositional bone growth; closes between ages 12-25.
- Growth in width takes place at the periosteum.
- Factors affecting growth include nutrition (Vitamin D, Vitamin C) and hormones (growth hormone, thyroid hormone, estrogen, testosterone).
Calcium Homeostasis
- Bone is a major reservoir of calcium, regulated by the balance between osteoblast and osteoclast activity.
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) raises blood calcium levels by activating osteoclasts and promoting calcium reabsorption in kidneys.
- Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium derived from Vitamin D.
- Calcitonin reduces blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclast activity.
Bone Remodeling
- Involves the replacement of old bone with new, crucial for adjusting to stress and repair.
- Mediated by a Basic Multicellular Unit (BMU) comprising osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
- Average lifespan for BMU is about 6 months, renovating the skeleton approximately every 10 years.
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Description
This prayer invokes the Holy Spirit for guidance and clarity before the start of a class. It emphasizes the importance of divine assistance in understanding, memory retention, and effective communication. Aimed at fostering a conducive learning environment, this prayer seeks help in achieving successful outcomes in academic endeavors.
