32 Questions
What does ESR stand for in the context of the given text?
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
What is the purpose of using a Westergren tube in the ESR test?
To measure the distance at which the red blood cells fall in one hour
What is the significance of using the Wintrobe method for ESR measurement?
It uses a special timer and Wintrobe tube for measurement
In what units is the ESR result typically reported?
Millimeters per hour
What does a high ESR level indicate?
Presence of inflammation
Why is the ESR test considered a non-specific measure of inflammation?
It may be elevated in various conditions including infections, cancer, and autoimmune diseases
What is the purpose of placing the Wintrobe tube in an isolated area free from vibrations?
To prevent any interference with the sedimentation process
What factor can lead to a false high result in the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)?
Vibration during the testing process
What is the significance of ensuring a standard amount of anticoagulant is used in the Wintrobe tube?
Affects the sedimentation rate of erythrocytes
What effect does anemia have on the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)?
Increases ESR due to changes in plasma protein concentration
What can cause a decrease in the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)?
Elevated plasma viscosity
What should be done to regulate the room temperature during Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) testing?
Keep the room temperature near 20⁰C
What is the role of plasma albumin in the sedimentation of RBCs?
Retards the sedimentation of RBCs
What factor can lead to an increase in the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)?
Increased RBC mass due to polycythemia
What is the primary cause of a false high result in Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) testing?
Vibration during testing
What happens if the Wintrobe tube is not placed absolutely vertical to the table?
Inaccurate recording of erythrocyte column level
In the context of the given text, what is the primary purpose of conducting the osmotic fragility test?
To measure the resistance of RBCs to hemolysis in dilute saline solutions
What is the key difference between osmosis and diffusion?
Osmosis requires energy, while diffusion does not
What happens to red blood cells when suspended in a hypertonic solution?
They shrink
Which condition can be diagnosed using the osmotic fragility test?
Congenital spherocytosis
What does an isotonic solution signify in the context of red blood cells?
There will be no change in cells
What is the process of moving solvent particles across a semipermeable membrane from higher to lower concentration called?
Osmosis
What is the main effect of a hypotonic solution on cells?
Cells swell up due to solvent concentration higher than solute
What happens to red blood cells in an isotonic solution?
They remain unchanged
What is the molarity of a solution if it contains 2 moles of solute in 1 liter of solution?
2 M
In the given procedure, at what NaCl concentration does hemolysis start?
0.5%
What is the relationship between osmolarity and the number of active particles in a solution?
Directly proportional
What is the role of centrifugation in the given procedure?
To separate the solutions from the blood
At what concentration does hemolysis complete according to the given procedure?
0.35%
In spherocytosis, at what NaCl concentration does hemolysis start earlier?
0.3%
What is the formula for calculating osmolarity?
$Molarity \times Active particles$
"What quantity does 1 osmotically active particle represent in a solution?"
$1$
Study Notes
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
- ESR stands for Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
- Westergren tube is used to measure ESR, allowing RBCs to settle and measure the rate of sedimentation
- Wintrobe method is used for ESR measurement, which provides a more accurate result
- ESR result is typically reported in mm/h
- High ESR level indicates inflammation, infection, or tissue damage
- ESR test is a non-specific measure of inflammation, as it does not specify the cause of inflammation
- Wintrobe tube should be placed in an isolated area free from vibrations to ensure accurate results
- Presence of agglutinated RBCs can lead to a false high result in ESR
- Standard amount of anticoagulant should be used in the Wintrobe tube to prevent clotting
- Anemia can lead to an increased ESR
- Decreased ESR can be caused by high RBC count, sickle cell anemia, or polycythemia vera
- Room temperature should be regulated during ESR testing to prevent temperature-related errors
- Plasma albumin plays a role in the sedimentation of RBCs
- Factors that can increase ESR include inflammation, infection, and tissue damage
- Primary cause of a false high result in ESR testing is the presence of agglutinated RBCs
- If the Wintrobe tube is not placed absolutely vertical to the table, it can lead to inaccurate results
Osmotic Fragility Test
- Osmotic fragility test is used to diagnose hereditary spherocytosis
- Osmosis is the movement of solvent particles across a semipermeable membrane from higher to lower concentration
- Diffusion is the movement of particles from higher to lower concentration
- Red blood cells in a hypertonic solution shrink and become more permeable
- Isotonic solution signifies equal concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell
- Osmosis is the process of moving solvent particles across a semipermeable membrane from higher to lower concentration
- Hypotonic solution causes cells to swell and eventually lyse
- Red blood cells in an isotonic solution maintain their shape and size
- Molarity of a solution with 2 moles of solute in 1 liter of solution is 2M
- Hemolysis starts at 0.48% NaCl concentration
- Osmolarity is directly proportional to the number of active particles in a solution
- Centrifugation is used to separate the supernatant from the red blood cells
- Hemolysis completes at 0.30% NaCl concentration
- In spherocytosis, hemolysis starts earlier, at around 0.60% NaCl concentration
- Formula for calculating osmolarity is osmolarity = Σ(n × φ)
- One osmotically active particle represents 1 mole of solute per liter of solution
This quiz covers the practical aspect of measuring the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in anticoagulated whole blood. It includes the procedure for performing the test and its significance as a non-specific measure of inflammation.
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