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Questions and Answers
What is a key focus of descriptive ethics?
What is a key focus of descriptive ethics?
- The application of ethics to specific societal issues
- The investigation of people's beliefs about morality (correct)
- The historical analysis of ethical principles
- The study of moral conduct in real-life situations
Which branch of ethics examines the nature and implications of moral judgments?
Which branch of ethics examines the nature and implications of moral judgments?
- Descriptive ethics
- Metaethics (correct)
- Applied ethics
- Normative ethics
What issues does applied ethics specifically address?
What issues does applied ethics specifically address?
- Real-life dilemmas and ethical theories in practice (correct)
- Empirical investigations of different moral beliefs
- The legitimacy of social and political arrangements
- The evolution of ethical thought throughout history
Which option best describes normative ethics?
Which option best describes normative ethics?
What aspect of moral philosophy does Lawrence Kohlberg's theory relate to?
What aspect of moral philosophy does Lawrence Kohlberg's theory relate to?
What type of questions does practical philosophy typically involve?
What type of questions does practical philosophy typically involve?
Which statement is NOT a focus of metaethics?
Which statement is NOT a focus of metaethics?
Which term refers to well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe human actions?
Which term refers to well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe human actions?
What are two weaknesses in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
What are two weaknesses in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
Which factor does Kohlberg's theory notably overlook in moral reasoning?
Which factor does Kohlberg's theory notably overlook in moral reasoning?
What does cultural relativism emphasize regarding ethical standards?
What does cultural relativism emphasize regarding ethical standards?
What challenge does cultural relativism pose to moral truth?
What challenge does cultural relativism pose to moral truth?
What is a potential weakness of cultural relativism mentioned in the content?
What is a potential weakness of cultural relativism mentioned in the content?
How does Kohlberg's theory portray the moral reasoning of women?
How does Kohlberg's theory portray the moral reasoning of women?
What is an important goal of cultural relativism?
What is an important goal of cultural relativism?
What does ethnocentrism oppose?
What does ethnocentrism oppose?
What did Kohlberg aim to discover by studying children's answers to moral dilemmas?
What did Kohlberg aim to discover by studying children's answers to moral dilemmas?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three levels of moral reasoning identified by Kohlberg?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three levels of moral reasoning identified by Kohlberg?
According to Kohlberg, moral understanding progresses in which manner?
According to Kohlberg, moral understanding progresses in which manner?
How many stages are there in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
How many stages are there in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
Why did the husband steal the drug in the given scenario?
Why did the husband steal the drug in the given scenario?
What is the moral evaluation regarding killing a fetus with a brain wave according to the discussed premise?
What is the moral evaluation regarding killing a fetus with a brain wave according to the discussed premise?
What was the age range of the boys studied by Kohlberg?
What was the age range of the boys studied by Kohlberg?
What did Kohlberg use to gather insights about moral reasoning in his research?
What did Kohlberg use to gather insights about moral reasoning in his research?
What does the child/individual prioritize in Stage 1 of moral development according to Kohlberg?
What does the child/individual prioritize in Stage 1 of moral development according to Kohlberg?
At what stage does an individual begin to recognize multiple perspectives on moral issues?
At what stage does an individual begin to recognize multiple perspectives on moral issues?
How does Stage 5 of moral development differ from earlier stages?
How does Stage 5 of moral development differ from earlier stages?
Which stage represents moral reasoning based on authority figures?
Which stage represents moral reasoning based on authority figures?
What is a key characteristic of Conventional morality (Level 2)?
What is a key characteristic of Conventional morality (Level 2)?
What percentage of individuals are estimated to reach the post-conventional levels of moral reasoning (Stage 5 and 6)?
What percentage of individuals are estimated to reach the post-conventional levels of moral reasoning (Stage 5 and 6)?
In Heinz's dilemma, which moral principle becomes more significant than following the law?
In Heinz's dilemma, which moral principle becomes more significant than following the law?
During which stage do individuals become conscious of the impact that laws may have on specific individuals?
During which stage do individuals become conscious of the impact that laws may have on specific individuals?
What does cultural relativism allow individuals to do regarding their beliefs?
What does cultural relativism allow individuals to do regarding their beliefs?
Who is credited with establishing cultural relativism as an analytic tool?
Who is credited with establishing cultural relativism as an analytic tool?
What does philosophical skepticism imply about our knowledge?
What does philosophical skepticism imply about our knowledge?
How does cultural relativism relate to moral relativism?
How does cultural relativism relate to moral relativism?
What is a characteristic of absolute skepticism?
What is a characteristic of absolute skepticism?
What is the difference between objectivism and subjectivism in the context of moral philosophy?
What is the difference between objectivism and subjectivism in the context of moral philosophy?
What does common sense skepticism refer to?
What does common sense skepticism refer to?
What aspect of cultural relativism is criticized for being radical?
What aspect of cultural relativism is criticized for being radical?
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Study Notes
Practical Philosophy
- Explores how we should live, what social and political arrangements are just
- Investigates questions about the nature of the world, such as what exists independently of human perception
- Examines well-founded standards of right and wrong that guide human behavior
Branches of Practical Philosoph
- Descriptive Ethics: Studies people's beliefs about morality through empirical research
- Normative Ethics: Focuses on what is right and wrong, often in terms of rights, obligations, and societal benefits
- Metaethics: Explores the nature of moral judgments and how they can be supported
- Applied Ethics: Applies ethical theories to real-life situations
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
- Proposes three levels of moral reasoning with two stages in each
- Preconventional: Moral decisions are based on avoiding punishment and seeking rewards
- Conventional: Moral decisions are guided by societal rules and expectations
- Postconventional: Moral decisions are driven by personal principles of justice and individual rights
Cultural Relativism
- Holds that ethical and social standards are derived from the cultural context
- Argues that cultures differ fundamentally, leading to different moral frameworks
- Emphasizes understanding cultures on their own terms without judgment
Skepticism
- Common Sense Skepticism: A healthy form of skepticism used in everyday life
- Philosophical Skepticism: The view that we know less than we think or know nothing at all
- Absolute Skepticism: The most extreme form of skepticism
Objectivism and Subjectivism
- Objectivism: Meaning is studied objectively, independent of individual beliefs and experiences
- Subjectivism: Meaning is influenced by personal perspectives and experiences
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