Podcast
Questions and Answers
A scientist is investigating a new cellular transport mechanism. They observe that molecule X moves across a cell membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, requiring energy input. Which of the following transport processes is MOST likely responsible for the movement of molecule X?
A scientist is investigating a new cellular transport mechanism. They observe that molecule X moves across a cell membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, requiring energy input. Which of the following transport processes is MOST likely responsible for the movement of molecule X?
- Facilitated diffusion, using a specific channel protein that binds to molecule X.
- Active transport, utilizing a carrier protein and ATP hydrolysis. (correct)
- Simple diffusion, driven by the concentration gradient of molecule X.
- Osmosis, where water molecules facilitate the movement of molecule X.
In a lab experiment, a student observes cells under a microscope. They identify a cell with condensed chromosomes, a disappearing nuclear envelope, and the formation of the mitotic spindle. According to this observation, in which stage of mitosis is the cell?
In a lab experiment, a student observes cells under a microscope. They identify a cell with condensed chromosomes, a disappearing nuclear envelope, and the formation of the mitotic spindle. According to this observation, in which stage of mitosis is the cell?
- Prophase, marked by chromosome condensation and nuclear envelope breakdown. (correct)
- Anaphase, during which sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles.
- Metaphase, with chromosomes aligned at the cell's equator.
- Telophase, characterized by the formation of two new nuclei.
A researcher is analyzing a tissue sample and notes that the cells are arranged in a single layer of flattened cells. This layer lines a blood vessel. Which type of epithelial tissue is the researcher MOST likely observing?
A researcher is analyzing a tissue sample and notes that the cells are arranged in a single layer of flattened cells. This layer lines a blood vessel. Which type of epithelial tissue is the researcher MOST likely observing?
- Stratified squamous epithelium, which provides protection in areas subject to abrasion.
- Simple cuboidal epithelium usually found in glands for secretion and absorption.
- Simple squamous epithelium, ideal for diffusion and filtration in linings of structures such as blood vessels and air sacs of lungs. (correct)
- Simple columnar epithelium, often found in the lining of the digestive tract for secretion and absorption.
A student is using a microscope to examine a prepared slide. At 40x magnification, the specimen appears too dark. What adjustment should the student make to improve the brightness of the image without changing the magnification?
A student is using a microscope to examine a prepared slide. At 40x magnification, the specimen appears too dark. What adjustment should the student make to improve the brightness of the image without changing the magnification?
In an experiment, a dialysis bag containing a 20% glucose solution is placed in a beaker of distilled water. After one hour, the bag feels firm but not overly distended. Which statement BEST explains the condition of the bag?
In an experiment, a dialysis bag containing a 20% glucose solution is placed in a beaker of distilled water. After one hour, the bag feels firm but not overly distended. Which statement BEST explains the condition of the bag?
Flashcards
Benedict's Reagent
Benedict's Reagent
Tests for the presence of glucose.
Lugol's/Iodine
Lugol's/Iodine
Tests for the presence of starch.
Microscope Magnification
Microscope Magnification
Objective lens magnifies the specimen, ocular lens further magnifies this image.
Metaphase
Metaphase
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Osmosis
Osmosis
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Study Notes
- The practical exam includes food testing, histology, mitosis, and osmosis and diffusion.
Food Testing Indicators
- Benedict's solution tests for the presence of glucose.
- Lugol's solution or iodine tests for the presence of starch.
- Anhydrous tests for the presence of proteins.
Microscope Anatomy
- Ocular lens: The lens through which the user looks.
- Objectives: Lenses with different magnifications, such as 4x, 10x, and 40x.
- Coarse and fine adjustment knobs: Used for focusing the image.
- Stage and iris diaphragm: mechanisms used to adjust the lighting.
- Light source: Provides illumination for viewing the sample.
Magnification
- Scanning power (4x) × Ocular lens (10x) = 40x total magnification.
- Higher magnifications provide greater resolution but reduce the field of view.
Stages of Mitosis
- Interphase involves cell preparation for division.
- Prophase involves chromosomes condensing and the nuclear envelope breaking down.
- Metaphase involves chromosomes aligning at the cell's equator.
- Anaphase involves chromatids being pulled apart.
- Telophase involves nuclear membranes reforming.
- Cytokinesis involves the cytoplasm dividing, resulting in two daughter cells.
Osmosis
- Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a membrane.
Diffusion
- Diffusion is the movement of solute molecules (like ions) through a membrane.
- Large molecules like starch cannot move through the membrane because they are too big.
- Small molecules like ions can diffuse across the membrane.
Study Recommendations
- Focus on histology, as most practical questions are based on it, including the identification of epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
- Review images of cells in various stages of mitosis and histology slides of different tissues.
- Identify the parts of the microscope and explain their functions.
- Histology questions will make up the majority of questions, particularly those using lab slides of different tissue types.
- Prepare by studying slides and focusing on identifying tissue types and the stages of mitosis.
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Description
Practical exam including food tests using Benedict's, Lugol's, and anhydrous solutions. Microscope anatomy covers lenses, objectives, and adjustment knobs. Also covers mitosis stages, and osmosis and diffusion principles.
