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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic feature of poxviruses?
What is a characteristic feature of poxviruses?
- They replicate in the nucleus of the host cell
- They are typically transmitted through inhalation or contact (correct)
- They contain segmented RNA genomes
- They are small and simple viruses
Which of the following poxviruses is known to be eradicated?
Which of the following poxviruses is known to be eradicated?
- Cowpox
- Monkeypox
- Smallpox (correct)
- Molluscum contagiosum
Which genera of the Poxviridae family infect humans?
Which genera of the Poxviridae family infect humans?
- Orthopoxvirus, Hepatitisvirus, Yatapoxvirus, and Parapoxvirus
- Micropoxvirus, Metapoxvirus, Orthopoxvirus, and Parapoxvirus
- Orthopoxvirus, Molluscipoxvirus, Yatapoxvirus, and Parapoxvirus (correct)
- Molluscipoxvirus, Entomopoxvirus, Yatapoxvirus, and Parapoxvirus
Which type of genetic material do poxviruses possess?
Which type of genetic material do poxviruses possess?
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What is the primary natural host of the Monkeypox virus?
What is the primary natural host of the Monkeypox virus?
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How do poxviruses exit the host cell upon replication?
How do poxviruses exit the host cell upon replication?
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When was the first human case of Monkeypox detected?
When was the first human case of Monkeypox detected?
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What is a common method of entry for poxviruses into host cells?
What is a common method of entry for poxviruses into host cells?
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Study Notes
Poxviruses
- Large and complex viruses that infect humans and animals.
- Typically present with skin lesions.
- Transmitted through inhalation, direct contact with infected animals or humans, or contact with contaminated fomites.
- Examples: Smallpox (now eradicated), Monkeypox, Molluscum contagiosum.
Viral Characteristics
- Large and complex virions (200 nm diameter).
- Brick or oval shape.
- Enveloped (mature virions are also infectious).
- Linear, non-segmented, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome, approximately 200kb long.
- Codes for over 100 polypeptides with diverse functions.
- Replicates in the cytoplasm.
Taxonomy
- Family: Poxviridae.
- Four genera (out of 22) infect humans.
- Orthopoxvirus: Variola (Smallpox), Monkeypox, Camelpox, Cowpox, Vaccinia.
- Molluscipoxvirus: Molluscum contagiosum.
- Yatapoxvirus: Tanapox.
- Parapoxvirus: Orf virus, Pseudocowpox virus.
Replication
- Replicates in the cytoplasm.
- Carries a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase for replication.
- Entry: Fusion or macropinocytosis.
- Early phase: Production of viral replication promoters.
- Intermediate phase: Production of replication enzymes.
- Late phase: Production of structural proteins.
- Exit: Lysis, exocytosis, and extrusion (actin tail assembly).
Monkeypox Virus
- Belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus (same family as Smallpox).
- First identified in 1958 in monkeys.
- Natural host is most likely rodents.
- First human case detected in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in 1970.
- Endemic in Central and West Africa.
- Few isolated cases outside Africa until the 2022 outbreak, which resulted in thousands of cases globally.
Monkeypox Virus Distribution
- As of November 2022, there were over 77,000 cases of Monkeypox globally.
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