Power Plant Operation & Thermodynamics

• For an endothermic reaction, increasing the temperature will increase the equilibrium constant.
• The equilibrium composition in an insulated, constant volume vessel is reached when entropy is at its maximum.
• Dulong's formula evaluates the calorific value of a fuel containing oxygen.
• The chemical formula for methyl cholride is CH3Cl
• The chemical formula for butane is C4H10
• A common constituent between water gas and producer gas is H2

Splint vs Other Coal Varieties

• Splint coal has a dull luster and grayish-black color, with thin irregular bands of vitreous luster.
• Boghead coal is characterized by a high percentage of algal remains and volatile matter.

Caking and Coking Properties of Coal

• The agglutinating-value test indicates the caking and coking properties of coal and gives an approximate measure of the material in coal that fuses and becomes plastic when heated.
• Slate is defined as any material that has less than 40% of fixed carbon.
• Bone is defined as any material which has 40% or more but less than 75% of fixed carbon

Combustion Processes

• Spontaneous combustion happens when coal unites with oxygen, similar to combustion in a furnace but at a slower rate.
• The underfeed method involves feeding and burning coal based on upward, parallel flows of fuel and air.
• Impact firing is used exclusively the the wet-bottom/slagging-type furnaces wood is an excellent fuel for hand-fried furnaces and fireplaces

Equilibrium Constants

• The equilibrium constant for a chemical reaction depends upon partial pressure of the constituents and stoichiometric coefficients.
• The stoichiometric air-fuel ratio of gasoline and air is 14.15
• In an Orsat apparatus, gasses are absorbed in the order of: Oxygen, CO, CO2

Maximum Temperature in Chemical Reactions

• The maximum temperature decreases if the products of combustion dissociate.
• Coal may combust in lump pieces or in powder form in fuel bed furnaces
• Using pulverized coal firing means it is no longer necessary to use high fan power

Butane and Dry Air Mixtures

• For butane burned with dry air at an air-fuel ratio of 20, the percent excess air equals 29.28
• The lower heating value of decane gas is 65.65 MJ/kg, given calorific value is 69 MJ/kg, the enthalpy of water at 25 deg C is 2400 kJ/kg and for decane is 358 kJ/kg.
• In the combustion of methane with 30% excess air, 20.15 kg/min of nitrogen passes through the furnace if methane is burned at a rate of 31L/s at 103 kPa and 40 deg. C

Fuel Composition

• When fuel is composed of C10H20 and burned with 35% excess air, the product of combustion contains 73.01% nitrogen
• Gasoline: defined by ASTM D288-47 as gasoline is a refined petroleum naptha suitable as carburetant in internal combustion engines
• Kerosene: a refined petroleum distillate having a flash point not below 73 deg. F based on ASTM D288-47.
• If a boiler of a power station uses fuel with 20% CO2 in the product of combustion and 30% excess air, the maximum percentage of CO2 attainable is 32.34.

Power Station Calculations

• A power station’s oil-fired boiler has a fuel analysis (by mass): carbon 84%, hydrogen 10%, sulphur 3.2%, oxygen 1.6%, remainder incombustible, the dry flue gas by volume gave: combined CO2 and SO2 15.72%, O2 1%, giving no CO or SOs. Per lbs fuel mass water vapor formed: 1.98

Carbon Fuel Mixtures

• When an unknown hydrocarbon fuel, CxHy, reacts with air to produce: CO2 = 12.1% O2 = 3.8% and CO = 0.9%: the fuel is made out of C13H23
• 4 liters of octane gasoline weighs 3.91 kg, the STD volume required for complete combustion is 45,731 li
• If hydrogen fueled engine's exhaust gases contain 22.3% H2O, 7.44% O2 and 70.2% N2 it is operating at an equivalence ratio of 0.598

Methane Combustion

• The volume of nitrogen is 18.18 (m^3) given 30% excess air passing through the furnace with methane burned at the rate of 31L/s at 103 kPa and 40 deg. C where Nitrogen (MW = 28.016)
• Utilization is defined as the ratio of the maximum generator demand to the generator capacity
• The performance of generating power plants is compared by their average efficiency overtime

Plant Performance

• Thermal Capacity is NOT the performance indicator of a plant
• A small scale power plant operates 4 hours a day, 40 weeks a year, with the plant not available for 5 hours a week, the utilization factor of the plant is 0.13
• Given the small scale power plant from above, the availability factor of the plant is 0.97 -The cost of electricity is (Fixed cost + Variable cost)/Electrical energy generated

Power Plant Types

• A gas turbine should be used for peak load
• Municipal is the type of load consists of street lighting and the power required for water supply and drainage purposes

Joules Law

• Joule's law says the change of internal energy is proportional to temperature change
• Mano-atomic gas has constant specific heat at all pressures and temperatures.
• Not true - The heat transfer equals the enthalpy change for an adiabatic process.

The Laws of Thermodynamics

• NOT true of the second-law of thermodynamics: Work must be input if energy is transferred from a cold body to a hot body
• Heat is added in a piston-in-cylinder assembly expands reversibly at constant pressure when gas exands density is NOT an extensive property
• Filling a tire with air at a service station is identified with a control volume

Equilibrium vs Nonequilibrium Processes

• Compression of air in a cylinder describes the quasiequilibrium process
• Energizing electrical resistor is a nonequilibrium workmode
• NOT an example of work transfer: A membrane that bursts
• NOT true of work for a quasiequilibrium process: Work is the area under a P-T diagram
• W = 0 for the V = constant process are true given Air undergoes a three-process

Evacuated Tanks

• The key concept in analyzing is the filling of an evacuated tank where enthalpy remains constant
• A piston compressing gas can be assumed reversible

thermodynamics statements

• INCORRECT thermodynamics statements: If ice is melted in water in an insulated container, the net entropy decreases
• To simulate zero work of the actual exhaust process, the exhaust process in the Otto and diesel cycles is replaced with a constant-volume process
• The pump is the cycle that leads to low cycle effeciency

Related to Thermodynamic Work

• Defined the thermodynamic usefulness of "P-v diagrams" as related to work: Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius.
• Enthalpy can property that's evaluated with Maxwell equations from data from measurable system properties?
• Steaming siomai using a pressure cooler is best illustrated by: isochoric thermodynamic process

Equation of State

• Used best when predicting the properties of gasses where precise data is not available, but critical properties are available: Generalized compressibility chart
• 735.55 is the solve for the actual enthalpy of the pump exit in Btu/lb where Carnot cycle at 340°C and 38 deg * C The turbine/compressor efficiencies are @ 90%/ 80%, with: h1 =1594.5(KJ/kg) h2= 2821.9 (KJ/kg) h3= 1649 (KJ/kg) , h4 =1128.3(KJ /kg)

Temperature and Enthalphy

• 750.68 is the Carnot cycle operates with a steam turbine cycle between 340°C/ 38 deg where the turbines/compressors @ efficiencies of %9/80 with solve actual enthalpy(Btu/lb @ turbine exits?) @ Points corners: =1594.5kJ/kg h2= 2621.9kJ/kg h3= 1649kJ/kg: h4 1128.3kJ/kg. heat rejected = 31.83Btu/lb; Carnot cycles reversed 1 lb air used for refrigeration cycle within temperature limits @ 144f and 41f (Isothermal = ratio is expansion3.1 with 50psia pressure@:Calculate the air heat?

Thermodynamics Systems

• Closed thermodynamic sytems can best described as: NO transfer(mass) exists with BUT transfer (YES) energy. Zeroth Laws thermodynamics by BEST: When 2 systems have thermal equilibrium with 3rd systems ALSO has equilibrium thermal each.
• Not cross boundary but transfer energy is where? (Closed systems manifestation)
• @ Mixture 18kg N + unknown gas 2.8kg pressure mixture/ 290kpa/ 340k calculate molecular weight of gas : 73(Ans) Vapor pressure zinc/ (in solid =) to-15 780/T-t .07.55 In T+19.25 + Bqiuid+ 15 65/ T=t +21, 79 T + @ (Where/ absolute/ Kelvin)? Calculate point the 712 Boiling zinc Temp/ C @ five raised to 10 @.atmosphere/? pressure vapor by given equating in solid =(-1b 780/2-7.55 In(t+. @ (liquid+65. B/T -t255 InT) = 4688

Carnot Cycles

• Air standard motor works for minimum & optimum volume (ratio = 20)+ for cycle which provides lower temperature(stable)? Calculate the compression @ Compression the: Cycle work Maximum?: compression= 5.7
• . cycle Thermal maximum efficiency @ Air+ motor ratio@ 19 given cycles -t+ +max @compression variable(adibatic) calculate? + C -1 @/degree=0, 7 49: 5(Ans) calculate maximum the rate continuously: 6=p150K/wh. (mp2) mp35 =rate @ continuous, 43920(4 3)

Gas Process

• (TRUE) correct statement for adiobatic changing inside ideal gas from supply main: Supply Main of enthalpy = @.gas= energy thermal the
• Higher energy gained with greater Qty or lowered Temps with increases entropy (TRUE)?
• the speed in rpm)2m- 4m/ HIGH with water filled to top/ the cylinder of volume is @bottom and with area of (water) discharged by uncoverse circular (radius) 1m? + the (RPM): 9m

Conical Vessels

• Concial vessel angle?30 with Axis vertically @ the Axis revolts+ + rate poured the water by?discharged the effects 23: the water- =3930

Hybrids vs Carnot vs Stirling Engines

• Hp net amount: prototypes vehicle- hybrid drive stiling engines that work within: @Temp (35c/ to 799c). And 100kpas pressure. Compression (iso) ratio :6, and heating with:950Kj+ +efficiency regenerator: the 789: hp net (work)the: 71 hp the 0/199
• Efficiency thermal cycles + 35c + isometers +ratio 6, heating at +calculate cycle efficiency :(Thermal) #1472

Heat Equations

• (True?) One-five the transfer with amount the sink for with reducing by @ efficiency Doubled/ (Temperature)Calculate Source is? (@degr(R)): 1960

Piston Calculations

• piston that contains with spring linear. Calculate btu gas -power total: 85mm(contains.meter) for 15kwn-t .with @ that area/ power total is gas -linear @ 85mm(contains (23/56(28/14

Closed Cycle Engines

• @Compression (Rato) ratio for engines.Which efficiency -power Thermal =/ (the Stirling *the atto)(True)? Which NOT idealized Power True cycle::transfer (heat) Assumed: the process(atto -power: Cycles

Gasoline vs Diesel

• By SI.mean octane Diesel engines : compression in higher Diesel and gas properties with tempature EXCEPT (Density). Heat, Solar radiation and examples: Conductor=s: heat with.the?increase will pipe/s: the Conduction - convection:increases with high? Thermal/conductivity High?:ice

Explore power plant availability, electricity cost calculation, and optimal plant types for peak loads. This quiz covers load types like street lighting and delves into Joule's and thermodynamics laws. Test your understanding of fuel classifications according to ASTM D288-47.