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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the converter at the line-end in wind-electric systems?
What is the typical output voltage range of the PV arrays in photovoltaic systems?
What is the primary advantage of photovoltaic systems over wind-electric systems?
What is the purpose of the power electronic system in photovoltaic systems?
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What is the typical input to a fuel cell system?
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What is the maximum efficiency of a fuel cell system?
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What is the primary reason for using power electronic converters in fuel cell systems and photovoltaic systems?
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Why is a power-electronic interface necessary in micro-turbine systems?
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What is the primary benefit of energy storage systems in power systems?
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What type of energy storage system requires a power electronic interface, as shown in Figure 10?
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What is an example of poor power quality?
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What is the primary purpose of a power-electronic interface in power systems?
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What are the main power system components?
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What is the primary function of a series capacitor in a power system?
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What type of power electronic device is used for shunt-compensation and injecting reactive power for voltage control?
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What is the main advantage of using a phase shifting transformer in a power system?
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What is the primary function of a synchronous condenser in a power system?
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What is the main characteristic of a solid-state switch in a power system?
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Study Notes
Power Electronics in Power Systems
- Power electronics converters are necessary to interface with the utility for fuel cell systems and photovoltaic systems.
Micro-Turbines
- Micro-turbines use highly efficient aircraft engines with natural gas as the input fuel.
- To improve efficiency, the turbine speed should be allowed to vary based on loading.
- This causes the frequency of the generated output to vary, requiring a power-electronic interface.
Energy Storage Systems
- Energy storage systems offer benefits such as load-leveling and peak-shaving in power systems.
- Energy is stored, usually at night when the load demand is low, and supplied back during peak-load periods.
- Energy can be stored in lead-acid batteries, Super-conducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) coils, and in the inertia of flywheels.
Power Quality Solutions
- Poor quality of power can imply distorted voltage waveforms, unbalances, swells and sags in voltage, power outages, and more.
Main Power System Components
- Transmission bottlenecks must be identified when operating electrical power systems, including:
- Steady-State Power Transfer Limit
- Voltage Stability Limit
- Transient Stability Limit
- Thermal Limit
- Short-Circuit Current Limit
Conventional System Solutions
- Conventional systems enhance transmission capability by:
- Series Capacitors (X)
- Switched Shunt-Capacitor and Reactor (V drop solution)
- Transformer Tap-changer LTC’s (V drop solution)
- Phase Shifting Transformers (δ – power transmission)
- Synchronous Condensers (V - drop solution)
Categorizing Power Electronic Systems
- Power electronic systems can be categorized as:
- Solid-State Switches
- By connecting two thyristors in anti-parallel (back-to-back) as shown in Figure, a solid-state switch can be realized that can conduct current in both directions and turn-on or off in an ac circuit with a delay less than one-half a cycle.
Photovoltaic (PV) Systems
- Photovoltaic systems are the ultimate in distributed generation and have a greater potential than wind-electric systems.
- PV arrays provide a voltage of 52-V to 90-V DC, which the power electronic system converts to 240 V/50 Hz sinusoidal voltage suitable for interfacing with the single-phase utility.
Fuel Cell Systems
- The input to the fuel cell can be hydrogen, natural gas, or gasoline, and the output is a dc voltage.
- The efficiency of fuel cell systems can be as high as 60%.
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Description
This quiz explores the importance of power electronics converters in fuel cell systems, photovoltaic systems, and micro-turbines. Learn about the role of power electronics in improving efficiency and interfacing with the utility. Topics include variable turbine speed and adjustable-speed drives.
