Power Converters for Traction Motors
81 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the traction converter in relation to the traction motors?

  • To increase the frequency of the voltage output.
  • To continuously adjust the driving or braking torque. (correct)
  • To limit the overvoltage of the electrical system.
  • To convert single-phase energy into three-phase energy.

Which component is part of the Line Converter?

  • Oil-cooled valve set. (correct)
  • Over voltage limitation resistor.
  • DC-link capacitor bank.
  • Charging resistor.

What role do the traction motors play during electric braking?

  • They act as resistors to dissipate energy.
  • They directly convert energy into mechanical torque.
  • They function as generators to produce energy. (correct)
  • They increase the vehicle speed during braking.

Which of the following is responsible for monitoring the DC-link voltage?

<p>Voltage transducers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy conversion occurs when traction motors are engaged in regenerative braking?

<p>From three-phase to single-phase energy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component in the traction converter is specifically meant for overvoltage protection?

<p>Over voltage limitation resistor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the DC-link in a traction converter system?

<p>To stabilize voltage levels between components. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the converter when the main circuit breaker is opened?

<p>The converter is powered down. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT a reason for powering down the converter?

<p>The demanded torque is increased. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the five-stage protection concept for the converter?

<p>To prevent damage to important components. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect is monitored in protection stage 1 of the converter?

<p>Minimum switching times of the GTO-thyristors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does protection stage 1 prevent shorting of the DC-link?

<p>By interlocking firing signals of GTO-thyristor pairs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the firing of the GTO in the overvoltage limitation circuit?

<p>When the capacitance of A31 is insufficient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a cause of overvoltages in the DC-link?

<p>DC-link capacitance increase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the resistance value of the MUB-resistor?

<p>2.5 mΩ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the DC-link charged during operation?

<p>From the pulse-controlled three-phase bridge circuit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What monitoring function is included in the DC-link's system?

<p>Earth fault monitoring (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is responsible for discharging the converter DC-link when the vehicle is powered down?

<p>The MUB-circuit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between frequency and amplitude in the motor converter operation?

<p>They can be changed independently (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the output voltage of the three-phase bridge circuit?

<p>Square pulses of constant amplitude (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the voltage indicator H08?

<p>To show DC voltage measurements for converter control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the fundamental frequency of motor terminal voltage during motoring mode?

<p>It is higher than the frequency corresponding to the motor speed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During braking, what occurs with the fundamental frequency of motor terminal voltage?

<p>It decreases below the frequency corresponding to the motor speed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method employed in the ISR range for controlling motor voltage?

<p>Pulse-width modulation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of the TB-DSR control method in terms of motor voltage?

<p>30% to 98% of nominal voltage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the ISR range, what is true about the torque produced by the motors?

<p>It can be loaded with nominal torque over the entire range. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the TB-DSR range, how is the torque controlled?

<p>To a user-defined set value. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the motor converter is optimized in TB-DSR?

<p>Managing switching frequency for reduced torque pulsations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of positive slip in a motor?

<p>It generates positive motor torque. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the ISR range in terms of GTO-switching frequency?

<p>It remains constant throughout the range. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of square-wave operation in relation to the DSR?

<p>It incorporates a field-weakening mechanism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of changing the frequency in the field weakening range?

<p>Inversely proportional relationship with motor flux (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component has no hand-operated functionality in the traction converter system?

<p>Earthing switch Q21 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the control electronics of the traction converter structured?

<p>Completely reliant on microprocessors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the FLG (vehicle control unit) play in the traction converter system?

<p>Calculates required tractive or braking effort (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mathematical relationship defines the demanded torque in the system?

<p>A function of driving speed and effective load torque (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In square-wave operation, how is the line-line motor voltage formed?

<p>By one voltage pulse per half-wave (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the SLG (converter control unit) do with the demanded torque from the FLG?

<p>Compares it with the effective load torque (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about field weakening is true?

<p>It is the range between nominal and maximum speed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of traction converters in the system?

<p>To convert driver inputs into motor control values (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What serves as a communication medium between the various control units in the system?

<p>Data bus system (MICAS vehicle bus) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of power pulsations that the DC-link must compensate for?

<p>Irregularities caused by wheel spin and pantograph bounce (B), Pulsations from the line converter operating in single-phase mode (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the DC-link capacitor designed to absorb harmonic currents?

<p>To prevent unacceptable fluctuations in DC-link voltage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What frequency must the A33-L02 series resonant circuit be tuned to in order to filter out unwanted current?

<p>Double the line frequency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of power equilibrium is noted in the DC-link operation following disturbances?

<p>There is an inherent delay in recovering power equilibrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the DC-link primarily handle the power needs of the motor converter?

<p>By supplying almost pure DC current to the motor converter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During operation, what causes the DC-link to experience non-periodic power differences?

<p>Harmonic currents produced by both the line and motor converters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the single-phase operation of the line converter have on the DC-link?

<p>It creates relatively low frequency power pulsations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for the successful initiation of the ON-LINE test?

<p>The OFF-LINE test must be successfully completed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase are the GTO-thyristors’ control pulses released for the motor converter?

<p>200 ms after the K11 main contactor is closed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is evaluated during the OFF-LINE test?

<p>The gate unit supply voltages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT necessary for releasing the GTO control pulses?

<p>The GTO-thyristors must already be in a conductive state. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parameter is continuously monitored during the ON-LINE test?

<p>The operational readiness of the MUB. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event causes the GTO in the R71 overvoltage limitation resistor to fire?

<p>Once a preset overvoltage threshold is exceeded. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a cause of overvoltages in the DC-link?

<p>Ground fault current (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the MUB circuit?

<p>To discharge the converter DC-link when power is lost. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the motor converter, how are the three-phase AC voltages generated?

<p>Using a pulse-controlled three-phase bridge circuit. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the MUB-resistor's specification of 2.5 mΩ impact the circuit?

<p>It minimizes the power loss during high voltage conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the AC voltage produced by the motor converter?

<p>It consists of square pulses of constant amplitude. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the earth fault monitoring system (U05, R51 + R52) play in the control of the DC-link?

<p>It detects potential ground faults to protect the system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the torque of the motors controlled in relation to the pulse-shaped motor-phase voltages?

<p>Through continuous changes in frequency and amplitude. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the motor flux as the frequency is increased in the field weakening range?

<p>It decreases inversely proportional. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the control electronics within the traction converters?

<p>To provide continuous, automated control of motor parameters. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the motor converter control system, what compares the demanded torque with the effective load torque?

<p>Converter control unit (SLG). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the term 'square-wave operation' in relation to the traction motors?

<p>It generates a single voltage pulse per half-wave. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the vehicle control unit (FLG) react to demands from the driver's cab?

<p>It calculates required voltage, current, and frequency values. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between motor voltage and frequency during the field weakening range?

<p>Voltage amplitude is constant while frequency changes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component is not found in the traction converter system as a manual control?

<p>Earthing switch Q21. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What microprocessor-based system underlies the control electronics of the traction converter?

<p>MICAS vehicle bus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mathematical calculation is performed by the FLG in relation to the vehicle speed?

<p>It calculates the required tractive or braking effort. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During field weakening, what happens to the pullout torque as frequency increases?

<p>It decreases inversely proportional. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the ALG influence the firing of GTO-thyristors?

<p>It determines the required firing pulses based on the demanded torque. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the GTO feedback signals in the system?

<p>To monitor operation and ensure firing conditions are met. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario does the line converter reduce the DC-link voltage?

<p>When the power demand is below the rated value. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the automatic system tests performed by the converter?

<p>Regular checks are conducted whenever the vehicle is powered-up. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which functions are performed by both the vehicle control unit and the converter control unit?

<p>Automatic powering-up and powering-down based on driver selection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the ALG ensure synchronization between the line converter and the motor converter?

<p>By ensuring the flow of active power has the same value and direction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for the firing of a GTO-thyristor according to the monitoring system?

<p>Fulfillment of necessary conditions verified by feedback. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if a GTO fails during operation in the traction converter?

<p>The converter is shut down or not powered-up immediately. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Gate Unit Power Supply A08 (GUSP)?

<p>It provides energy required for the Gate Units to function. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is triggered for the automatic tests of the converter?

<p>When the vehicle is first powered-up or after a protective shut-down. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Traction Converter Function

Converts single-phase to three-phase voltage for traction motors, controlling vehicle speed and torque.

Line Converter (NSR)

Part of the traction converter, using pulse-controlled circuits to convert single-phase AC to DC.

DC-Link

A crucial component of the traction converter that provides a DC voltage to power the traction motors, acting as a bridge between the line converter and the motor converter

Motor Converter

Part of the traction converter that converts DC to three-phase AC to power the traction motor.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Regenerative Braking

Traction motors act as generators, converting electrical energy back to the main power source during braking.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Converter Components

Oil-cooled valve sets, gate units, charging & converter contactors, resistors, and voltage/current transducers are used to achieve the desired conversion function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Converter Control Unit (SLG)

The crucial controller overseeing the converter's functions, handling the communication with the control unit to regulate the entire system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Motoring Mode

The state where the motor is producing torque to drive the vehicle forward. This occurs when the motor's terminal voltage frequency is higher than the frequency corresponding to the motor speed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Braking Mode

The state where the motor acts as a generator to produce braking torque. This occurs when the motor's terminal voltage frequency is lower than the frequency corresponding to the motor speed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Positive Slip

The difference between the motor's terminal voltage frequency and the frequency corresponding to the motor speed when the motor is in motoring mode.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Negative Slip

The difference between the motor's terminal voltage frequency and the frequency corresponding to the motor speed when the motor is in braking mode.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ISR (Indirect Self Control)

A motor control range for low speeds (up to 30% of the nominal voltage and frequency) where the motor voltage amplitude and frequency are roughly proportional.

Signup and view all the flashcards

TB-DSR (Tolerance Band Direct Self Control)

A motor control range for high speeds (from 30% to 98% of the nominal voltage and frequency) where the motor is fully magnetized and the torque is controlled within a preset tolerance band.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Torque Pulsations

Small variations in the motor's torque output, which can cause vibrations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

GTO-Switching Frequency

The frequency at which the GTO (Gate Turn-Off) thyristors in the motor converter switch on and off.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Field Weakening

A technique to reduce the magnetic field strength in the motor to increase its speed beyond the nominal limit.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pulse-Width-Modulation (PWM)

A technique used in ISR control to adjust the motor voltage by controlling the width of the pulses in the motor's electrical supply.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Overvoltage Limitation Circuit (MUB)

A circuit designed to protect the DC-link from sudden and high voltage spikes that can damage the system. It uses a resistor (R71) and a GTO (A22) to quickly discharge excess voltage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Overvoltage Triggers

Potential causes of overvoltage in the DC-link include wheel spin, pantograph bounces, and damage to the series resonant circuit (L02, A33).

Signup and view all the flashcards

MUB in Power-Down

The MUB circuit also helps discharge the DC-link when the vehicle is powered down, ensuring safe de-energization.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Motor Converter (ASR)

The motor converter converts DC voltage from the DC-link into three-phase AC voltage to power the traction motors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Three-Phase Bridge Circuit

It consists of valve sets (A21, A22) and creates AC voltage from DC voltage by switching on and off the flow of current. Each pair of arms generates a square-wave voltage at different phases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Frequency and Amplitude Control

Both the frequency and amplitude of the AC voltage generated by the motor converter can be adjusted independently to control the torque and speed of the traction motors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Motor Phase Voltages

The three-phase AC voltage generated by the motor converter has a fundamental frequency shifted by 120 degrees between each phase (1U2, 1V2, 1W2).

Signup and view all the flashcards

DC-Link Measurement and Protection

The DC-link includes various components like transducers (U01, U02), voltage indicators (H08), and earthing switches (Q21) to measure, monitor, and protect the DC-link.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Earth Fault Monitoring System

The system (U05, R51 + R52) constantly checks for any leakage of current to the ground, ensuring safety and preventing potential hazards.

Signup and view all the flashcards

GTO-Thyristor Pairs

Two GTO thyristors in a converter arm, one for each polarity of the DC-link. They work together to switch the DC-link to the respective converter terminals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Interlocking Firing Signals

Ensuring that one GTO in a pair is safely OFF before firing the other, preventing a short circuit across the DC-link.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Minimum Turn ON and OFF Times

Strict time limits for GTO-thyristors to turn ON and OFF, ensuring proper operation and preventing damage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Protection Stage 1: Minimum Switching Times

A vital safety measure that monitors the time it takes for GTO thyristors to turn ON and OFF, ensuring safe operation and preventing damage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Purpose of Protection Stage 1

To ensure safe converter operation by enforcing minimum switching times and interlocking firing signals, preventing short circuits and component damage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nominal Speed

The speed at which the motor operates at its rated voltage and current.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Maximum Speed

The highest speed achievable by the motor, typically limited by factors like voltage or mechanical stress.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Square-Wave Operation

A type of motor control where the voltage is applied as a series of square waves.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Flux

The magnetic field strength within the motor.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pullout Torque

The maximum amount of torque the motor can produce before it stalls.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Traction Converter

An electronic device that converts electrical power from the source to the appropriate voltage and frequency for the traction motors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Control Electronics

The system that manages the traction converter, controlling speed, torque, and other motor parameters.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vehicle Data Bus

A communication network that connects the control units within a vehicle.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Converter Bus Station

A component of the control electronics that manages the communication and control of a specific traction converter.

Signup and view all the flashcards

DC-Link Function

The DC-link acts as a buffer between the line converter and the motor converter in a traction system. It absorbs power fluctuations, both regular and sudden, ensuring a stable power supply to the motors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

DC-link Pulsations

The DC-link experiences regular power fluctuations (pulsations) at twice the line frequency due to the difference in power delivery between the single-phase line converter and the three-phase motor system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

A33-L02 Resonant Circuit

This circuit is a filter specifically designed to remove the pulsating current from the DC-link at twice the line frequency, ensuring a smoother DC power flow.

Signup and view all the flashcards

DC-link Capacitor (ZK)

The capacitor in the DC-link is crucial for handling sudden, irregular power changes and absorbing harmonic currents from both the line and motor converters.

Signup and view all the flashcards

DC-link Capacitor Role

The DC-link capacitor ensures a stable DC voltage for smooth motor operation by absorbing any power fluctuations and harmonics, preventing undesirable voltage changes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What causes overvoltages in the DC-link?

Overvoltages can occur due to wheel spin, pantograph bounces, or a faulty series resonant circuit.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What happens when the MUB circuit is activated?

The MUB resistor is connected across the DC-link by firing a GTO, quickly discharging the excess voltage. Once the overvoltage is gone, the GTO is turned off.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the purpose of the MUB in power-down?

The MUB circuit also helps safely discharge the DC-link when the vehicle is powered down, ensuring safe de-energization.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What type of circuit does the motor converter use?

It uses a pulse-controlled three-phase bridge circuit with valve sets that generate a pulsed AC voltage from the DC-link.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does the motor converter control speed and torque?

By adjusting the frequency and amplitude of the pulsed AC voltage, the converter can control the motor's speed and torque.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the three motor phase voltages?

They are labeled 1U2, 1V2, and 1W2, and their fundamental frequencies are shifted by 120 degrees relative to each other.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Off-Line Test

A safety check performed on the traction converter before it is powered on. It verifies essential functions like transducer calibration, comparator operation, and power supply status.

Signup and view all the flashcards

On-Line Test

A series of checks performed while the traction converter is energized and operating. It verifies critical functions like contactor closure, DC-link voltage rise, and transducer accuracy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

K01 Charging Contactor

A switch that allows the DC-link of the traction converter to be precharged through a resistor and diodes. This process ensures a safe and gradual startup.

Signup and view all the flashcards

K11 Main Contactor

A main switch that connects the traction converter to the vehicle's main circuit when the DC-link charge is complete. It allows the converter to power the motors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Field Weakening Range

The operating region of a traction motor where speed is increased beyond its nominal speed by decreasing the motor's magnetic field strength.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How is speed increased in Field Weakening?

By reducing the magnetic field strength while maintaining maximum voltage amplitude and adjusting frequency, the motor can achieve higher speeds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does DSR affect Torque?

In DSR, both motor flux and pullout torque are inversely proportional to the frequency.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the role of the control electronics?

The control electronics manage the traction converter, converting driver inputs into electrical signals to control motor speed, torque, and other motor parameters.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How are traction converters controlled?

They are controlled by a central vehicle control unit (FLG), individual converter control units (SLG), and relevant drive control units (ALG).

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the purpose of the Vehicle Data Bus?

The vehicle data bus is a network that connects the control units within a vehicle, allowing them to share information and coordinate actions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a Converter Bus Station?

It manages communication and control for a specific traction converter, receiving commands from the main control unit and sending signals to the converter.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does the FLG (Vehicle Control Unit) do?

The FLG calculates the required tractive or braking effort based on driver inputs and vehicle speed, sending this information to the converter bus station.

Signup and view all the flashcards

GTO

A Gate Turn-Off thyristor (GTO) is a powerful semiconductor switch that can be turned on and off very quickly, used within the motor converter.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gate Units (GU)

These units, labeled A211-A222, receive signals from the ALG and generate the actual firing and turn-off pulses for the GTOs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

GUSP

The Gate Unit Power Supply (GUSP, A08) provides the energy needed by the Gate Units to operate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

DC-Link Voltage

The DC-link voltage is a crucial value maintained by the ALG to ensure smooth operation of the converter.

Signup and view all the flashcards

GTO Feedback Signals

The vehicle control unit constantly monitors the GTOs for their status and performance, ensuring a smooth and safe operation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Automatic Powering-Up/Down

The vehicle control unit automatically starts and stops both the vehicle and converter based on the driver's commands.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Monitoring of Variables

The vehicle control unit constantly keeps an eye on crucial values (like temperature, voltage, etc.) to ensure safe operation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Automatic System Tests

The control unit regularly performs automatic checks on the converter's health and performance to ensure reliability.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Power Converter Introduction

  • Three-phase voltage for traction motors is generated on the vehicle by two traction converters
  • Converters are connected between the main transformer and the traction motors
  • Frequency and amplitude of the three-phase converter output voltage are continuously adjusted based on driver demands
  • This allows for smooth adjustment of driving or braking torque
  • Electrical braking uses the traction motors as generators
  • Regenerative braking converts three-phase electrical energy back into single-phase energy

Converter Structure and Components

  • Line Converter (A11, A12): Oil-cooled valve sets with two pairs of arms each (2xZV24(12))
  • A111-A114, A121-A124: Gate Units (forced air cooling) (227)
  • K01: Charging contactor
  • K11: Converter contactor
  • R04: Charging resistor
  • U11-U14: Current transducers (18.2)

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Three-Phase Technology Traction Rolling Stock PDF

Description

This quiz covers the basic principles and components of power converters used in traction motors, focusing on three-phase voltage generation and regenerative braking. It explores how converters function between the main transformer and traction motors while adjusting output voltage based on driver demands. Test your understanding of converter structures and their integral parts.

More Like This

Power Converters and Drives Quiz
5 questions

Power Converters and Drives Quiz

InvulnerableMoonstone avatar
InvulnerableMoonstone
Power Semiconductor Switching Variables Quiz
5 questions

Power Semiconductor Switching Variables Quiz

AffablePoincare avatar
AffablePoincare
Traction Converter Cubicle Overview
13 questions

Traction Converter Cubicle Overview

ScenicHummingbird6529 avatar
ScenicHummingbird6529
Actuator Selection and Power Converters
18 questions

Actuator Selection and Power Converters

ToughestAntigorite3000 avatar
ToughestAntigorite3000
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser