Podcast
Questions and Answers
Why are granules preferred over powders in making solutions?
Why are granules preferred over powders in making solutions?
- Granules are less likely to cake or harden upon standing
- Granules contain colorants, flavorants, and other pharmaceutical ingredients
- Granules produce particle-size uniformity
- Granules are more easily wetted by a solvent (correct)
Why is ampicillin usually prepared as granules?
Why is ampicillin usually prepared as granules?
- Granules contain colorants, flavorants, and other pharmaceutical ingredients
- Ampicillin is unstable in aqueous solution (correct)
- Granules produce particle-size uniformity
- Granules are less likely to cake or harden upon standing
What do granules contain in addition to the medicinal agent?
What do granules contain in addition to the medicinal agent?
- Antibiotic drugs
- Water and other beverages
- Solvent and pharmaceutical ingredients
- Colorants and flavorants (correct)
What feature of granules results in content uniformity?
What feature of granules results in content uniformity?
What is one disadvantage of bulk powders?
What is one disadvantage of bulk powders?
Why are powder mixtures usually granulated if they are intended to be compressed into tablets?
Why are powder mixtures usually granulated if they are intended to be compressed into tablets?
What is one advantage of granules over powders?
What is one advantage of granules over powders?
What characteristic makes granules more stable physically and chemically than powders?
What characteristic makes granules more stable physically and chemically than powders?
What is the typical particle size range of micronized medication used in products for the treatment of asthma and bronchial disorders?
What is the typical particle size range of micronized medication used in products for the treatment of asthma and bronchial disorders?
What purpose do inert propellants and pharmaceutical diluents serve in the products used for the treatment of asthma and bronchial disorders?
What purpose do inert propellants and pharmaceutical diluents serve in the products used for the treatment of asthma and bronchial disorders?
How are nasal powders intended to be administered into the nasal cavity?
How are nasal powders intended to be administered into the nasal cavity?
How is a hard gelatin capsule presented when used with a nasal delivery device for nasal powders?
How is a hard gelatin capsule presented when used with a nasal delivery device for nasal powders?
What is the recommended ratio of citric acid to tartaric acid in a good effervescent blend?
What is the recommended ratio of citric acid to tartaric acid in a good effervescent blend?
Which method is used to prepare effervescent granules when using only citric acid as the acid component?
Which method is used to prepare effervescent granules when using only citric acid as the acid component?
What happens to the effervescent powder mixture during the heating process?
What happens to the effervescent powder mixture during the heating process?
Why should the mixing of powders be performed in an environment of low humidity?
Why should the mixing of powders be performed in an environment of low humidity?
What is the recommended ratio of citric acid to tartaric acid in a good effervescent blend?
What is the recommended ratio of citric acid to tartaric acid in a good effervescent blend?
Which method is used to prepare effervescent granules when using the fusion method?
Which method is used to prepare effervescent granules when using the fusion method?
What is the role of water in the fusion method of preparing effervescent granules?
What is the role of water in the fusion method of preparing effervescent granules?
What characteristic of granules makes them more stable physically and chemically than powders?
What characteristic of granules makes them more stable physically and chemically than powders?
What is the primary factor determining the selection of the type of paper for powder papers?
What is the primary factor determining the selection of the type of paper for powder papers?
What is the most popular commercially available size for powder papers?
What is the most popular commercially available size for powder papers?
Why are small cellophane or plastic envelopes used to enclose individual doses of powder instead of folding individual powder papers?
Why are small cellophane or plastic envelopes used to enclose individual doses of powder instead of folding individual powder papers?
What type of paper should be used if the powder contains hygroscopic or deliquescent materials?
What type of paper should be used if the powder contains hygroscopic or deliquescent materials?
What is the main difference between a powder and a granule?
What is the main difference between a powder and a granule?
What is the typical diameter of granules used as a dosage form?
What is the typical diameter of granules used as a dosage form?
Why are granules preferred over powders in making solutions?
Why are granules preferred over powders in making solutions?
Why do granules have an advantage over powders in terms of content uniformity?
Why do granules have an advantage over powders in terms of content uniformity?
Why are effervescent salts usually presented as granules or coarse powders rather than small powder particles?
Why are effervescent salts usually presented as granules or coarse powders rather than small powder particles?
What is the purpose of using a combination of citric and tartaric acids rather than either acid alone in effervescent salts?
What is the purpose of using a combination of citric and tartaric acids rather than either acid alone in effervescent salts?
Why are fines, which are powder that has not agglomerated into granules, separated, collected, and reprocessed in the production of tablets?
Why are fines, which are powder that has not agglomerated into granules, separated, collected, and reprocessed in the production of tablets?
What characteristic makes granules more stable physically and chemically than powders?
What characteristic makes granules more stable physically and chemically than powders?
What is the primary difference between oral powders and granules?
What is the primary difference between oral powders and granules?
What is the purpose of using dry powder inhalers (DPIs) for administering medicated powders?
What is the purpose of using dry powder inhalers (DPIs) for administering medicated powders?
Why are effervescent salts usually presented as granules or coarse powders rather than small powder particles?
Why are effervescent salts usually presented as granules or coarse powders rather than small powder particles?
Powder papers are typically commercially available in sizes like 2.75 × 3.75 in., 3 × 4.5 in., 3.75 × 5 in., and 4.5 × 6 in.
Powder papers are typically commercially available in sizes like 2.75 × 3.75 in., 3 × 4.5 in., 3.75 × 5 in., and 4.5 × 6 in.
Waxed paper should be used for powders containing hygroscopic or deliquescent materials.
Waxed paper should be used for powders containing hygroscopic or deliquescent materials.
Today, compounded powder papers are frequently used on an outpatient, community practice basis.
Today, compounded powder papers are frequently used on an outpatient, community practice basis.
Glassine paper is a waterproof, glazed, and transparent paper with limited moisture resistance.
Glassine paper is a waterproof, glazed, and transparent paper with limited moisture resistance.
Pharmacists may use cellophane or plastic envelopes to enclose individual doses instead of folding individual powder papers to achieve non-uniform packaging.
Pharmacists may use cellophane or plastic envelopes to enclose individual doses instead of folding individual powder papers to achieve non-uniform packaging.
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Study Notes
Advantages of Powders
- Powders enable primary care providers to easily alter the quantity of medication for each dose.
- Powders aid in clinical studies of drug preparations because the dose can be readily adjusted.
- Doses can be individually weighed and placed in powder papers, envelopes, or small vials/bottles.
Use of Powders
- Infants and young children who cannot swallow tablets or capsules can accept powders mixed with a formula or sprinkled in food.
- Powders provide a rapid onset of action because they are readily dispersed, have a large surface area, and usually require only dissolution, not disintegration, before absorption.
- Drugs that are too bulky to be prepared as a capsule or tablet may be suitable for a powder dosage form.
Micromeritics
- Micromeritics is the science of small particles, studying characteristics such as particle size, size distribution, shape, angle of repose, porosity, and true volume.
- Angle of repose is a technique for estimating the flow properties of a powder, which can be determined by allowing a powder to flow through a funnel and fall freely onto a surface.
Comminution of Drugs
- Comminution of drugs involves reducing the size of chemical substances by grinding with a mortar and pestle (trituration) or using mills and pulverizers on a large scale.
- Manual methods include trituration, levigation, and pulverization by intervention.
Trituration
- Trituration is the process of reducing particle size by rubbing in a mortar and pestle, resulting in a significant increase in the specific surface area of the substance.
Levigation
- Levigation is commonly used in small-scale preparation of ointments and suspensions to reduce the particle size and grittiness of added powders.
- A paste is formed by combining the powder and a small amount of liquid (the levigating agent) in which the powder is insoluble.
Pulverization by Intervention
- This method includes reduction of particle size with the aid of a second agent, which can be readily removed from the pulverized product.
Mixing Powders
- Powders can be mixed by trituration, sifting, tumbling, or using motorized blenders or mixers.
- Sifting results in a light, fluffy product, but is not suitable for incorporating potent drugs into a diluent powder.
- Tumbling is a thorough but time-consuming process, widely employed in industry.
Inhalation Powders
- Micronized medications are prepared in the range of 1 to 6 μm in diameter for inhalation deep into the lungs.
- Inhalation powders are administered in a metered-valve container, powder blowers, or insufflators.
Nasal Powders
- Nasal powders are medicated powders intended for inhalation into the nasal cavity using a suitable device.
- Delivery devices have been developed to enhance convenience and ensure uniform dose delivery.
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