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Questions and Answers
What proportion of people in India are considered poor?
What proportion of people in India are considered poor?
- One in five (correct)
- One in four
- One in eight
- One in ten
What is the main focus of the chapter?
What is the main focus of the chapter?
- Measures taken by the government for economic growth
- Poverty as a challenge in India (correct)
- The role of education in alleviating poverty
- The history of poverty in India
Which term is used to broaden the concept of poverty in the chapter?
Which term is used to broaden the concept of poverty in the chapter?
- Collective poverty
- Economic poverty
- Material poverty
- Human poverty (correct)
What job does Ram Saran hold?
What job does Ram Saran hold?
How much does Ram Saran earn monthly when he finds work?
How much does Ram Saran earn monthly when he finds work?
Who does Ram Saran have to financially support?
Who does Ram Saran have to financially support?
What type of community does Lakha Singh belong to?
What type of community does Lakha Singh belong to?
How is the seriousness of poverty illustrated statistically?
How is the seriousness of poverty illustrated statistically?
Which of the following best describes a consequence of poverty?
Which of the following best describes a consequence of poverty?
What term is used to describe the exclusion of individuals or groups from basic benefits and opportunities?
What term is used to describe the exclusion of individuals or groups from basic benefits and opportunities?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as a dimension of poverty?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as a dimension of poverty?
What does poverty mean in terms of health and well-being?
What does poverty mean in terms of health and well-being?
How does poverty relate to the ability to secure housing?
How does poverty relate to the ability to secure housing?
Which of the following can lead to a sense of helplessness in individuals living in poverty?
Which of the following can lead to a sense of helplessness in individuals living in poverty?
Which aspect is described as a process through which poverty is perpetuated?
Which aspect is described as a process through which poverty is perpetuated?
What issue is suggested to significantly challenge efforts to alleviate poverty in India?
What issue is suggested to significantly challenge efforts to alleviate poverty in India?
What is the primary source of income for Ram Saran's family?
What is the primary source of income for Ram Saran's family?
Which of the following best describes the condition of Ram Saran's living situation?
Which of the following best describes the condition of Ram Saran's living situation?
How much does Ram Saran's wife, Santa Devi, typically earn from her part-time maid work?
How much does Ram Saran's wife, Santa Devi, typically earn from her part-time maid work?
What challenge does Ram Saran's family face related to meals?
What challenge does Ram Saran's family face related to meals?
At what age did Lakha begin to earn money for the family?
At what age did Lakha begin to earn money for the family?
Why did Lakha never attend the primary school in the village?
Why did Lakha never attend the primary school in the village?
What health issue afflicted Lakha's family?
What health issue afflicted Lakha's family?
What are considered luxuries for Ram Saran's family?
What are considered luxuries for Ram Saran's family?
What was the overall poverty ratio in India in 2009-10?
What was the overall poverty ratio in India in 2009-10?
Which year saw the highest poverty ratio in rural areas according to the data?
Which year saw the highest poverty ratio in rural areas according to the data?
What was the trend observed in the number of poor people in India from 1993-94 to 2009-10?
What was the trend observed in the number of poor people in India from 1993-94 to 2009-10?
Which social groups are identified as most vulnerable to poverty in India?
Which social groups are identified as most vulnerable to poverty in India?
What was the percentage of the urban poor in 2011-12?
What was the percentage of the urban poor in 2011-12?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the dynamics of poverty reduction in rural and urban India?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the dynamics of poverty reduction in rural and urban India?
What percentage of casual workers in urban areas are below the poverty line?
What percentage of casual workers in urban areas are below the poverty line?
What is the percentage of the rural poor according to the data from 2011-12?
What is the percentage of the rural poor according to the data from 2011-12?
What factor contributed to the low growth rate of incomes in India until the 1980s?
What factor contributed to the low growth rate of incomes in India until the 1980s?
How did the policies of the colonial government affect traditional handicrafts?
How did the policies of the colonial government affect traditional handicrafts?
What is one of the main causes of high levels of indebtedness among the poor?
What is one of the main causes of high levels of indebtedness among the poor?
What are the two main strategies of the current anti-poverty measures in India?
What are the two main strategies of the current anti-poverty measures in India?
What was one of the results of the Green Revolution in India?
What was one of the results of the Green Revolution in India?
What does the cycle of poverty imply regarding economic growth and population control?
What does the cycle of poverty imply regarding economic growth and population control?
Why do small farmers in India often need to borrow money?
Why do small farmers in India often need to borrow money?
Which of the following factors has NOT contributed to poverty in India?
Which of the following factors has NOT contributed to poverty in India?
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Study Notes
Overview of Poverty
- Poverty remains a significant challenge in independent India, affecting roughly 270 million people as of 2011-12.
- Over 20% of India's population lives in poverty, making it home to the largest concentration of the poor globally.
- The chapter examines poverty through various lenses, including socio-economic dimensions and government anti-poverty measures.
Typical Cases of Poverty
-
Urban Case: Ram Saran
- Daily-wage laborer earning approximately Rs 1,500 monthly, supporting a family of six.
- Lives in a one-room rented house in a crowded area; family income insufficient for basic needs.
- Financial responsibilities extend to supporting elderly parents living in a rural area.
-
Rural Case: Lakha Singh
- Belongs to a landless family working odd jobs with irregular income.
- Family of eight struggles to secure daily meals and lives in a temporary hut.
- Siblings collectively earn meager income with limited access to education and healthcare.
Dimensions of Poverty
- Poverty encompasses hunger, inadequate shelter, illiteracy, and lack of access to health care and sanitation.
- Social exclusion exacerbates poverty, with marginalized groups often unable to benefit from socioeconomic advancements.
- Vulnerability to poverty is heightened for rural agricultural laborers and urban casual laborers.
Statistical Overview of Poverty in India
- Trends from 1993-2012 indicate a decline in poverty ratios; however, the absolute number of poor remained constant around 407 million.
- Rural areas showed a higher poverty ratio compared to urban areas, but both sectors faced significant challenges.
Vulnerable Groups and Disparities
- Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are among the most vulnerable social groups, facing compounded disadvantages in poverty.
- Survey data reveal about 34% of urban casual laborers and 34% of rural casual laborers live below the poverty line.
Economic Trends and Influences on Poverty
- Historical colonial policies damaged traditional industries, contributing to ongoing poverty through reduced job opportunities and economic growth.
- High population growth rates, combined with inadequate growth of incomes, have perpetuated low per capita income levels.
Anti-Poverty Measures
- Government strategies aimed at poverty alleviation focus on economic growth and targeted anti-poverty initiatives.
- The current approach emphasizes creating job opportunities and providing social safety nets to assist the impoverished population.
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