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What is the overarching topic discussed in this chapter?
What is the overarching topic discussed in this chapter?
Poverty as a challenge
What is the approximate percentage of people living in poverty in India in 2011-12?
What is the approximate percentage of people living in poverty in India in 2011-12?
What is the main source of income for Ram Saran, the daily-wage laborer featured in the urban case study?
What is the main source of income for Ram Saran, the daily-wage laborer featured in the urban case study?
Wheat flour mill
What is the name of Lakha Singh's village in the rural case study?
What is the name of Lakha Singh's village in the rural case study?
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What is the name of the person who believes that India's true independence will come when even the poorest people are free from suffering?
What is the name of the person who believes that India's true independence will come when even the poorest people are free from suffering?
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Social exclusion is a concept where individuals or groups are excluded from facilities, benefits, and opportunities available to others.
Social exclusion is a concept where individuals or groups are excluded from facilities, benefits, and opportunities available to others.
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What is the term used to measure the greater probability of certain communities or individuals remaining in a state of poverty?
What is the term used to measure the greater probability of certain communities or individuals remaining in a state of poverty?
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What is the commonly used method to calculate poverty?
What is the commonly used method to calculate poverty?
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What is the name of the national organization responsible for conducting nationwide poverty surveys?
What is the name of the national organization responsible for conducting nationwide poverty surveys?
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What is the internationally recognized uniform standard used for poverty line by organizations like The World Bank?
What is the internationally recognized uniform standard used for poverty line by organizations like The World Bank?
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The poverty ratio in India has shown a continuous decline since the 1990s.
The poverty ratio in India has shown a continuous decline since the 1990s.
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Which social group is at the highest risk of poverty in India, according to the text?
Which social group is at the highest risk of poverty in India, according to the text?
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What are the two primary strategies employed by the Indian government to combat poverty?
What are the two primary strategies employed by the Indian government to combat poverty?
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The percentage of people living in poverty in India has remained relatively stable between the early 1950s and the early 1980s.
The percentage of people living in poverty in India has remained relatively stable between the early 1950s and the early 1980s.
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The poverty rate in India has experienced a more significant decline in the urban areas compared to rural areas since the 1990s.
The poverty rate in India has experienced a more significant decline in the urban areas compared to rural areas since the 1990s.
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What is the main reason mentioned in the text for the failure to effectively implement land reform policies in India?
What is the main reason mentioned in the text for the failure to effectively implement land reform policies in India?
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Name one of the major social factors mentioned in the text that contributes to poverty in India?
Name one of the major social factors mentioned in the text that contributes to poverty in India?
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What is the name of the government program launched in 2000 to provide additional central assistance to states for basic services like primary health, education, rural shelter, and rural drinking water?
What is the name of the government program launched in 2000 to provide additional central assistance to states for basic services like primary health, education, rural shelter, and rural drinking water?
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The text suggests that one of the challenges in effectively implementing poverty alleviation programs in India is a lack of proper monitoring and targeting.
The text suggests that one of the challenges in effectively implementing poverty alleviation programs in India is a lack of proper monitoring and targeting.
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What is the name given to the minimum level of subsistence that is considered necessary to satisfy basic needs, often used to define poverty?
What is the name given to the minimum level of subsistence that is considered necessary to satisfy basic needs, often used to define poverty?
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The world poverty rate, as defined by the World Bank, has decreased from 16.27% to 9.05% between 2010 and 2019.
The world poverty rate, as defined by the World Bank, has decreased from 16.27% to 9.05% between 2010 and 2019.
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What is the international poverty line used by the World Bank to quantify poverty?
What is the international poverty line used by the World Bank to quantify poverty?
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Which region of the world, according to the text, is expected to be home to almost nine out of ten extremely poor individuals by 2030?
Which region of the world, according to the text, is expected to be home to almost nine out of ten extremely poor individuals by 2030?
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The success rate of poverty reduction across different states in India has remained consistent, as indicated by the text.
The success rate of poverty reduction across different states in India has remained consistent, as indicated by the text.
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Which of the following states in India has experienced the highest poverty ratio, according to the text's analysis of 2011 census data?
Which of the following states in India has experienced the highest poverty ratio, according to the text's analysis of 2011 census data?
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What is the name of the government program that provides 100 days of wage employment annually to every household in rural areas, aiming to improve their livelihood security?
What is the name of the government program that provides 100 days of wage employment annually to every household in rural areas, aiming to improve their livelihood security?
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The text states that the Prime Minister Rozgar Yozana (PMRY) program was established for the purpose of creating self-employment opportunities for unemployed youth in rural areas and small towns.
The text states that the Prime Minister Rozgar Yozana (PMRY) program was established for the purpose of creating self-employment opportunities for unemployed youth in rural areas and small towns.
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The text argues that poverty reduction in India is mainly attributed to significant progress in the agriculture sector.
The text argues that poverty reduction in India is mainly attributed to significant progress in the agriculture sector.
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What is the name of the government scheme that aims to assist poor families in reaching a position above poverty line through self-help groups?
What is the name of the government scheme that aims to assist poor families in reaching a position above poverty line through self-help groups?
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The text suggests that poverty reduction has been achieved to a large extent in India, rendering poverty as a less significant challenge.
The text suggests that poverty reduction has been achieved to a large extent in India, rendering poverty as a less significant challenge.
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The text states that poverty is only about a lack of income.
The text states that poverty is only about a lack of income.
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The concept of poverty is static, remaining unchanged over time.
The concept of poverty is static, remaining unchanged over time.
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The text suggests that the eradication of poverty is a challenging goal, and achieving a level of basic necessities for all individuals is the ultimate goal.
The text suggests that the eradication of poverty is a challenging goal, and achieving a level of basic necessities for all individuals is the ultimate goal.
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What are the three primary issues mentioned in the text that represent major challenges in the fight against poverty in the future?
What are the three primary issues mentioned in the text that represent major challenges in the fight against poverty in the future?
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Study Notes
Poverty as a Challenge
- Poverty is a significant challenge in India, affecting roughly 270 million people (27 crore) in 2011-2012.
- Poverty is multi-faceted, encompassing hunger, lack of shelter, inability to afford healthcare, and lack of clean water and sanitation.
Two Typical Cases of Poverty
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Urban Case (Ram Saran): A daily-wage laborer in a wheat flour mill near Ranchi, Jharkhand.
- Earns approximately Rs 1,500 per month, but employment is inconsistent.
- Supports a family of six with children aged between 6 months to 12 years.
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Rural Case (Lakha Singh): A landless laborer in a village near Meerut, Uttar Pradesh.
- Works odd jobs for farmers, often in kind (e.g., food, vegetables, instead of cash), for work done daily.
- Family struggles to meet basic needs, including food for the day.
- Father passed away due to lack of healthcare access.
Poverty and Social Sciences
- Poverty is viewed differently in social sciences.
- Poverty trends are illustrated through the concept of the poverty line, considering minimum needs for food, clothing, shelter, etc.
- Government anti-poverty measures are also discussed.
Poverty as Seen by Social Scientists
- Poverty is assessed through various indicators, focusing on income and consumption levels.
- Other indicators include illiteracy, lack of health access and lack of access to sanitation.
- Analysis of poverty considers social exclusion and vulnerability.
Poverty Line
- The poverty line is the minimum income/consumption level required to meet basic needs.
- This varies according to time, place, and/or country’s standards.
- India's poverty line (2011-2012) was Rs 816 per month for rural areas and Rs 1000 for urban areas.
Poverty Estimates
- Poverty rates in India have declined substantially from 45% (1993-94) to 22% (2011-2012).
- However, the absolute number of poor people has also reduced.
Poverty in Different States
- Poverty rates vary across Indian states due to differences in economic growth, resources, and development patterns.
- States such as Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Odisha have higher poverty rates compared to others (Kerala, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh).
Causes of Poverty
- Historical reasons, including British colonial policies.
- Low economic growth affecting income.
- High population growth rates.
- Unequal distribution of resources (land, wealth).
- Social factors (castes, gender).
- Religious ceremonies/social obligations.
- High levels of indebtedness
Anti-Poverty Measures
- Government initiatives like the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA).
- Other schemes like PMRY, SGSY, and AAY.
- Mixed results in effectiveness.
Vulnerable Groups
- Scheduled Castes (SCs).
- Scheduled Tribes (STs).
- Rural agricultural laborers.
- Urban casual laborers.
Global Poverty
- Poverty rates across the world vary, showing regional differences.
- Some countries have seen a decrease, others continue at high levels.
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Description
Explore the complex issue of poverty in India, including two case studies of individuals from urban and rural settings. This quiz delves into the multifaceted nature of poverty, highlighting its impact on families and communities. Understand the social science perspective on poverty and its implications in society.
