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What is one of the main government initiatives aimed at reducing educated unemployment?
Which method has the government adopted to address seasonal unemployment?
What is a key characteristic of people living below the poverty line?
What effort is being made to improve rural development and human development in villages?
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What role does the Ministry of Labor play in reducing unemployment?
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Which initiative aims to encourage entrepreneurship among the youth?
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Which of the following is NOT a strategy mentioned for promoting employment in village sectors?
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What percentage of people in India lived below the poverty line as of 2012 according to the World Bank's standards?
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What is one objective of the Start-up India initiative?
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Which Indian state has the highest rate of poverty?
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What is one of the reasons for higher poverty in rural areas compared to urban areas?
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What is the per capita expenditure that defines the poverty line in rural areas as per the Indian Planning Commission?
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According to UNDP's 2015 report, what percentage of the rural population in India lives below the poverty line?
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What is one significant factor that causes exploitation of rural people in India?
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Which of the following is NOT a consequence of poverty as described in the content?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the economic situation affecting rural families?
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What is the primary purpose of the financial assistance provided to children from poor families?
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Which of the following industries is NOT mentioned as a cottage industry in the Mission Manglam program?
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What is the main benefit of the Dattopant Thegdi Vyaj Shay Yojna?
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What does the Food Guarantee Scheme primarily ensure for people living below the poverty line?
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Which scheme provides food grains at a subsidized rate to urban and rural poor?
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What was the per capita consumption of food decided in 2001?
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What is one of the main reasons for the inability of the population to utilize India's natural resources fully?
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Which scheme uses buffer stock to help ensure food security?
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What is the aim of the National Old Aged Pension Scheme?
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How does the National Family Benefit Project support families?
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When was the Universal Health Insurance Scheme enacted?
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What is the primary target group for the Ambedkar-Valmiki Aavas Yojna?
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What kind of diseases are covered under the Universal Health Insurance Scheme?
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What is the financial grant provided to families under the National Family Benefit Project?
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What challenge do village workers face due to technological reform?
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What economic issue is exacerbated by a high population growth rate?
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What is the primary goal of the Agro Business Policy?
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How does the E-NAM project benefit farmers?
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What is the minimum employment guarantee provided by the MANREGA program?
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What type of unemployment is referred to as Industrial Unemployment?
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What is a significant consequence of the world labor market?
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Which of the following is NOT a benefit provided by the MANREGA program?
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What impact does the E-NAM project have on brokers in agricultural trading?
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What motivates laborers to emigrate according to the concept of international labor mobility?
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Study Notes
Poverty
- Poverty is the inability to fulfill basic needs such as food, clothing, education, shelter, and healthcare.
- Poverty is a qualitative concept where a minimum level of income and expenditure for survival is set.
- Characteristics of people living below the poverty line may include:
- Inadequate meals
- Lack of adequate living space
- Residency in slum areas
- Lower than expected income
- Shorter lifespans
- Illiteracy
- Disease due to malnutrition
- Child labor
- Higher child death rates due to malnutrition
Poverty in India
- Poverty line figures in India are set by the Planning Commission.
- Rural per capita expenditure: ₹816, leading to a family expenditure of ₹4080.
- Urban per capita expenditure: ₹1100, leading to a family expenditure of ₹5000.
- In the year 2011-12, India's poverty rate decreased to 27 crore, with 21.9% of the total population living below the poverty line.
- World Bank estimations using an international standard per capita daily income of $1.9 in 2012 (compared to 2008) indicate 32.7% of India's population, or 45.6 crore, live below the poverty line.
- The UNDP report of 2015 stated that India had 21.92% (26.93 crore) living below the poverty line, with 25.7% (21.65 crore) in rural areas and 13.7% (5.28 crore) in urban areas.
- Chhattisgarh has the highest poverty rate in India (36.93%), while Goa has the lowest (5.09%).
- Other states with poverty rates over 30% include Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Manipur, Bihar, Arunachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Odisha.
Causes of Poverty
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Rural areas in India have higher poverty rates than urban areas due to:
- Inadequate irrigation facilities and agricultural development.
- Scarcity of alternative employment opportunities.
- Lack of employment-related education, skills, and facilities in rural areas.
- More unproductive land due to traditional practices.
- High illiteracy rates leading to exploitation, lack of government project knowledge, and inability to access information.
- More cash crops than grains and pulses, leading to higher grain and pulse prices.
- Economic policies not considering needs of common people.
- Cottage and small-scale industries collapsing in rural areas due to economic reforms, resulting in unemployment and migration.
- High poverty rates leading to malnutrition and disease.
- Technological reforms not improving the condition of rural workers due to lack of skills.
- Falling death rates and increasing population leading to greater poverty.
- Higher supply of labor than demand causing surplus labor to become unemployed.
- Decreasing purchasing power and price rises resulting in unemployment and poverty.
Government Initiatives for Social and Food Security
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Government policies aim to compensate for the economic conditions of the aged, women, and children.
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Social welfare programs are implemented to increase living standards.
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Key programs:
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National Social Assistance Project:
- Established on August 15, 1995, to provide social security for the aged, orphans, or families who have lost their primary earner.
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National Old Age Pension Scheme:
- Offers a pension of ₹75 per month to individuals over 65 years old who lack regular income.
- State governments may add additional amounts.
- Payment occurs every six months, either through a bank or direct disbursement.
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National Family Benefit Scheme:
- provides financial aid to families who lose their primary earner between the ages of 18 and 65 due to accidental death.
- A grant of ₹10000 is provided to the family through a bank.
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Universal Health Insurance Scheme:
- Announced in the 2003-04 budget and enacted on July 14, 2003.
- aims to provide health facilities to people living below the poverty line between the ages of 18 and 65.
- Insurance amount is set at ₹10000 and covers diseases including AIDS.
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Ambedkar-Valmiki Aavas Yojna:
- Launched on August 15, 2001.
- Aims to provide shelter to urban poor in SC, ST, and OBC communities.
- The Urban Development Department allocates ₹2000 crore for this program.
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Education Contribution Scheme:
- Introduced in 2000-01.
- Provides financial assistance to children from poor families to ensure their education.
- Grants ₹100 per month to students from such families to assist with expenses.
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Mission Manglam:
- Organizes programs to promote women's employment by engaging them in cottage industries like papad making, pickle production, and agarbatti manufacturing.
- Aims to reduce unemployment among women.
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Dattopant Thengdi Vyaj Shay Yojna:
- Government provides low-interest loans to artisans in handicraft and handloom cottage industries to purchase raw materials.
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Bajpai Bankable Yojna:
- Urban or rural unemployed individuals who have completed at least 4th grade receive training in specific skills under this project.
- Conventional artists and entrepreneurs are offered low-interest loans.
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Food Guarantee Scheme:
- Ensures food availability for people living below the poverty line.
- Government manages the Public Distribution System (PDS), Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS), and Mid-Day Meal Scheme (MDMS) to provide food security.
- Per capita consumption standards were set at 394.9 grams in 1951 and changed to 414.10 grams in 2001.
- The government maintained a buffer stock of 361.93 lakh tons in March 2003 to smooth food distribution.
- Nearly 400,000 fair price shops are managed by the government across India.
- Programs like Antyoday Yojna, Complete Rural Employment Yojna, and Food For Work rely on this buffer stock.
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Maa Annapurna Scheme:
- Provides 35 kg of food grains per month to urban and rural poor living below the poverty line.
- Approximately 3.62 crore people benefit from the scheme, purchasing wheat for ₹2 per kg and rice for ₹3 per kg.
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National Social Assistance Project:
'Poor Live in Rich India'
- India possesses abundant natural resources and wealth.
- High illiteracy rates, unskilled workforce, and a lack of training prevent the population from maximizing resource utilization and improving living standards.
- Absolute Poverty - The condition in which people are unable to fulfill their basic needs like education, food, shelter, clothing is called Absolute Poverty.
Agribusiness Policy
- This policy aims to reduce poverty by establishing food processing units that are expected to create 10 lakh jobs.
- This policy will support the export of processed food and reduce poverty rates.
- E-NAM Project: – Aims to reduce poverty by establishing a National Agro Market. – Farmers are given online options for trading their crops from anywhere, enabling traders to purchase from anywhere. – This project aims to negate the negative impact of brokers and arbitrators, increasing competition and benefiting farmers.
MANREGA Program
- MANREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee) provides employment and allows the poor to benefit from government projects.
- It is a nationwide project that guarantees at least 100 days of employment to unskilled and impoverished rural residents.
- Ensures at least one member of a family is employed through this program.
- Daily wages are provided.
- If work is not available, an unemployment allowance is paid.
- The program involves work such as:
- Water harvesting, land leveling, labor support for Indira Awaas Yojna, bio-fertilizer production, poultry sheds, fish drying yards, canal cleaning for water storage, and tree plantation along roads.
- MANREGA aims to guarantee at least one member of a family is employed, reducing unemployment.
Industrial Unemployment
- Unemployment resulting from industrial changes, either short-term or long-term, is known as industrial unemployment.
World Labor Market
- The international exchange of labor through a virtual market is called the world labor market.
- International Labor Mobility refers to the migration of laborers from one country to another for skill development or employment.
- Emigration is common for skill development, a better lifestyle, or higher salaries.
- Emigration has become a social status, attracting more individuals in current times.
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Description
This quiz explores the concept of poverty, including its definition, characteristics, and specific statistics related to poverty in India. Participants will learn about the poverty line, the factors contributing to poverty, and the social implications it carries. Test your knowledge and understanding of this critical issue.
