Poultry Industry in the Philippines

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Questions and Answers

What primary factor contributes to the popularity of poultry raising or production?

  • Slow reproductive cycles.
  • Inefficient feed conversion.
  • High maintenance requirements.
  • Fast growth rates and efficient feed conversion to meat and eggs. (correct)

Which of the following issues is a significant problem currently affecting the poultry industry?

  • Highly stable market prices.
  • High production costs relative to selling price. (correct)
  • Low production costs.
  • Lack of consumer demand.

Besides weather, which factor most significantly impedes the success of the poultry industry?

  • Efficient market systems.
  • Abundant government subsidies.
  • Excessive market transparency.
  • Insufficient financing. (correct)

What species is recognized as the primary ancestor of modern-day chickens?

<p>Gallus gallus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of poultry farming, what does 'artificial selection' primarily involve?

<p>Human intervention to achieve specific traits in chickens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A young, immature female chicken that is less than 5-6 months old is referred to as what?

<p>Pullet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe chickens that are specifically raised for meat production?

<p>Broilers/Flyers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to examining a shell egg's content by holding it between one's eye and a light source?

<p>Candling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process where birds shed their feathers periodically is known as what?

<p>Molting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is typical of chicken breeds classified as 'egg class'?

<p>Early maturity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of chicken breeds categorized as 'meat class'?

<p>Large size and slow movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is characteristic of 'general purpose' chicken breeds?

<p>Good laying ability and medium size. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary characteristic defines chicken breeds categorized as 'fancy class'?

<p>Distinctive beauty or unusual appearance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Ruble, Hulsay, and Claret breeds fall under which classification of chickens?

<p>Fighting Class (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At approximately what age are broiler chickens typically ready for harvest?

<p>6 Weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how long does it take a hen to form and lay an egg?

<p>23-27 hours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the hen's anatomy can be examined to predict the color of the eggs she will lay?

<p>Ear Lobe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a hen has red ear lobes, what color eggs is she most likely to lay?

<p>Brown (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The vitelline membrane has what purpose in an egg?

<p>Separates the yolk from the egg white (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structural component of the egg helps keep the yolk centered?

<p>Chalaza (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a 'fertile egg' from a 'table egg'?

<p>Fertile eggs can hatch into chicks if incubated. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of chickens being fast multipliers?

<p>They can rapidly increase population size. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might high production costs be a major impediment to the poultry industry?

<p>High costs undermine affordability for consumers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has the most profound impact on the genetic diversity of modern-day chickens?

<p>Gallus gallus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does artificial selection have on the traits of chickens and poultry?

<p>It develops chickens for man made goals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the age of chickens divided into pullets, hens, and roosters?

<p>It helps manage poultry operations for meat and eggs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does candling impact egg producers?

<p>It helps in determining the internal freshness of an egg. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can general-purpose chicken breeds be valuable to both small farms and commercial operations?

<p>They serve as both meat and egg producers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If chicken breeders focused efforts on the taste and quality of meat, which class of breeds would be most useful and how would this contradict the classification of fancy class breeds?

<p>Meat; Fancy breeds would never be used due to focus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meat from broiler chickens are harvested faster when compared to other chickens, what characteristics of broilers contributes to this advantage?

<p>Fast growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important that hens lay eggs in a predictable window of time?

<p>Some hens simply do not lay their eggs in a predictable window of time, and it is a disadvantage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a poultry farm decides to switch their chickens to another breed. What would influence this decision? Select all that apply.

<p>Current egg yield (B), Climate conditions (C), Desired meat characteristics like taste and fat ratios. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Air cell found in most eggs contributes directly to what?

<p>Chick air supply (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are fertile eggs an important category to consider for egg producers?

<p>Fertile egg production requires more labor and oversight. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of management practices would be considered by a modern poultry business.

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Why is poultry raising popular?

Poultry species reproduce quickly, grow rapidly, and efficiently convert feed into meat and eggs, making them popular in agriculture.

Origin of chickens?

Modern chickens are descended from the Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus), native to Southeast Asia.

What is genetic mutation?

Genetic mutation refers to changes in the genetic makeup which can be influenced by both internal and external factors.

Define selection in breeding?

Selection is the act of choosing specific traits or individuals from a group.

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What is natural selection?

Natural selection is the survival of the fittest, affected by climatic and nutritional differences.

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What is artificial selection?

Artificial selection refers to humans interfering and choosing for desired traits like meat.

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Chick

A 'chick' refers to a newborn chicken.

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Gallus gallus domesticus

Scientific name for chicken.

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Pullet

A 'pullet' is a young, immature female chicken, usually less than 5-6 months old.

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Hen

A 'hen' is a mature female chicken.

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Rooster

A 'rooster' is a mature male chicken.

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Roaster

A 'roaster' refers to a chicken raised for meat production, typically 3-5 months old.

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Capon

A 'capon' is a castrated male chicken.

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Layer

A 'layer' is a hen used for laying eggs.

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Broiler/Flyer

Broilers/Flyers are chickens grown specifically for meat production.

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Flock

Flock refers to a group of chickens.

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Candling

Candling is the process of examining an egg's contents by holding it to a light source.

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Clutch

Clutch is a nest of eggs.

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Green chicks

Green describes chicks that have recently hatched.

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Molt

Molt is the periodic shedding of feathers.

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Oviposition

Oviposition is the process of laying an egg by a bird.

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Plumage

Plumage refers to the feathers of a bird.

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Egg class chickens

Egg class chickens are comparatively small, nervous, and lay large, white-shelled eggs. Leghorns are an example.

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Meat class chickens

Meat class chickens have large, gentle disposition, mature slowly and lay brown eggs. Brahmas are an example.

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General purpose class

General purpose chickens are medium-sized, good layers, and fast growers that are active. New Hampshire is an example.

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Fancy class chickens

Fancy class chickens are raised as ornamentals for their beauty and unusual appearance. Frizzles and Bantams are examples.

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Fighting Class

Fighting class chickens are developed for cockfighting, such as Ruble and Claret.

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Broilers

Broiler chickens are raised primarily for their meat and can be harvested around 6 weeks of age.

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Layers

Layer hens begin laying eggs around 4 months of age, producing about 1 egg a day, year-round.

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Egg color and ear lobes

Egg color is determined by the hen's earlobe color. Blue ear lobes means blue or green eggs.

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Egg color and ear lobes -

Egg color is determined by the hen's earlobe color. Red ear lobes means brown eggs.

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Egg color and ear lobes -

Egg color is determined by the hen's earlobe color. White ear lobes means white eggs

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Yolk

The Yolk is the yellow part in the center of the egg.

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Vitelline membrane

The Vitelline membrane separates the yolk from the egg white.

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Germ Spot

The Germ is the small white circle on the yolk where the embryo starts to develop in fertile eggs.

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Albumen

Albumen is is another term for the egg white.

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Shell

The shell hard and protects the developing embryo

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Air cell

Air cell is a small open space at the large end of an egg, which provides the chick a supply of in the final stage of development.

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Chalaza

Chalaza is a small, white, rope-like structure at both ends of the yolk, helps to keep the yolk centered.

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Table Egg

Table eggs are produced for human consumption; no chicks will form even if incubated.

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Fertile Egg

Fertile eggs are laid for chick production purposes; will hatch new chicks after incubation.

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Study Notes

Poultry Industry

  • Poultry raising/production is very popular because poultry species are fast multipliers and growers
  • Poultry are efficient at converting feeds to meat and eggs
  • Poultry are a good source of meat and eggs
  • Chicken is the most popular poultry
  • Muscovy and Mallard ducks are also popular

Current Problems of the Poultry Industry in the Philippines:

  • High production costs relative to affordable selling prices
  • High cost and unstable supply of good quality inputs
  • Inefficient market system due to a lack of market information
  • Unstable prices
  • Poor grading standards for eggs
  • Diseases
  • Climate
  • Insufficient financing
  • Lack of government price support for poultry products

The Origin of the Chicken

  • The Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus) from Southeast Asia is the ancestor of modern chickens
  • Other species of chicken include:
    • Gallus sonnerati (Gray jungle fowl)
    • Gallus lafayeti (Ceylonian jungle fowl)
    • Gallus varius (Javan Jungle fowl)

What Brought about the Change in Chickens

  • Genetic mutation, the change in the genetic make up of certain individuals due to internal/external factors
  • Selection is choosing something from a group
  • Natural selection accounts for the survival of the fittest as affected by climatic and nutritional differences
  • Artificial selection is human interference to achieve goals, leading to chicken development for meat, eggs, fighting cocks, and fancy feathers

Basic Terms in Poultry

  • Gallus gallus domesticus is the scientific name for chicken
  • Chick: A newborn chicken
  • Pullet: A young, immature female chicken less than 5-6 months old
  • Hen: A mature female chicken
  • Rooster: A mature male chicken
  • Roaster: A male or female chicken 3-5 months old, raised for meat production

Poultry Terminologies

  • Capon: A castrated male chicken
  • Layer: A hen used for laying eggs
  • Broiler/Flyer: Chickens grown for meat production
  • Flock: A group of chickens
  • Candling: Examining a shell egg's contents using a light source
  • Clutch: A nest of eggs
  • Egg: A hard-shelled reproductive body produced by a bird
  • Green: A term for chicks that have recently hatched
  • Axial feather: A short wing feather separating primaries from secondaries
  • Molt: To shed feathers periodically
  • Oviposition: Laying an egg
  • Plumage: The feathers of a bird

Classification of Chicken Breeds by Purpose or Utility:

  • Egg Class:
    • Comparatively small
    • Lay large, white-shelled eggs
    • They are very active and nervous in temperament
    • Non-sitters
    • Early maturity
    • Examples are Leghorn, Minorcas, Anconas, Mikawa
  • Meat Class:
    • Large with slow movement and gentle disposition
    • Slow maturing
    • Poor egg layers
    • Lay brown-shelled eggs
    • Examples are Brahmas, Cochin, Langshans, Cornish, White Rocks
  • General Purpose Class:
    • Medium-sized
    • Good layers
    • Young are fast growers
    • Not as nervous as the egg class, but more active than the meat class
    • Examples are New Hampshire, Rhode Island Red, Plymouth Rock, Lancaster, Nagoya, Cantonese
  • Fancy Class:
    • Possess beauty of plumage and rare unusual appearance
    • Raised as ornamentals or pets, not as a source of food
    • Examples are Frizzles, Bantams, Long Tailed
  • Fighting Class:
    • Developed for cockfighting
    • Examples include Ruble, Hulsay, Claret, Oasis

Poultry Production

  • Broilers are raised primarily for their meat and are ready to harvest around 6 weeks old
  • Hens begin laying eggs around 4 months and a good hen lays an egg a day, year-round

Common Chicken Breeds:

  • White Leghorn
  • Barred Rock
  • Rhode Island Red
  • Araucana
  • Silkies
  • Cochins
  • Polish Crested Varieties

Species of Poultry:

  • Chicken
  • Ducks (Pekin for meat, Mallard for eggs, Muscovy)
  • Turkey
  • Quail
  • Pigeon
  • Geese
  • Swan
  • Ostrich
  • Pea fowl
  • Pheasant
  • Guinea fowl

Reproductive Physiology and Egg Formation:

  • It takes an egg 23-27 hours to form and be laid
  • A shorter egg formation time leads to more consecutive days of egg laying
  • Clutch size is the number of days in a row a hen lays eggs
  • The oviduct is the part of the hen where the egg is created
  • Egg color can be determined by checking the hen’s ear lobe

Ear Lobe Egg Color Correlation

  • Blue ear lobes correlate with blue or blue-green eggs
  • Red ear lobes correlate with brown eggs
  • White ear lobes correlate with white eggs
  • Yolk: The yellow part in the center of the egg
  • Vitelline membrane: Separates the yolk from the egg white
  • Germ: The small white circle on the yolk where embryo development begins in fertile eggs, and remains unchanged in non-fertile eggs
  • Albumen: The egg white
  • Shell: The hard coating providing structure and protection
  • Air cell: A small open space providing air for the developing chick in its final development stage
  • Chalaza: Rope-like structures that keep the yolk centered

Two Common Categories of Eggs:

  • Table Egg:
    • Laid/produced for human consumption
    • No chicks form even when incubated
  • Fertile Egg:
    • Laid for chick production/reproduction
    • Will hatch a new chick after incubation

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