Poultry Diseases: Infectious and Non-Infectious

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Questions and Answers

What is the main mode of transmission for Fowl Pox?

  • Transmission through arthropods (correct)
  • Contaminated water
  • Direct contact only
  • Airborne particles

What type of virus causes Mycoplasmosis in birds?

  • Avian coronavirus
  • Orthomyxovirus
  • Mycoplasma gallisepticum (correct)
  • Fowl poxvirus

What is a significant consequence of Avian Influenza in poultry?

  • Increased egg production
  • Reduced egg production and malformed shells (correct)
  • Increased respiratory function
  • High mortality in young birds

What does Infectious Bronchitis primarily affect in poultry?

<p>Respiratory health (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is associated with the pathogenicity of Avian Influenza?

<p>Ocular discharge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the necropsy finding commonly associated with Fowl Pox?

<p>Lesions on unfeathered skin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of disease is Mycoplasmosis categorized as?

<p>Bacterial infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a clinical sign of Infectious Bronchitis in young poultry?

<p>High mortality rates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What immediate symptom is indicated by the paresis of the legs or wings due to lead toxicity in poultry?

<p>Inability to stand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of Marek's disease strain is frequently found in the Middle East, Asia, and Africa?

<p>Type 1 - vvIBD (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is associated with vitamin D deficiency in birds?

<p>Soft shell eggs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom associated with Acute Newcastle Disease?

<p>Harsh breathing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT a symptom of Marek's disease?

<p>Increased activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an effect of Vitamin D deficiency in poultry?

<p>Severe coughing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can birds infected with Marek's disease shed the virus?

<p>Via dander or feather dust (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Marek's Disease primarily transmitted among chickens?

<p>Direct contact with infected birds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lead toxicity in poultry can lead to which of the following symptoms?

<p>Anemia and neural disorders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common result of prolonged lead exposure in poultry?

<p>Decreased egg production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is characterized by respiratory signs, conjunctivitis, and severe hemorrhagic tracheitis?

<p>Infectious Laryngotracheitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Delaware, which type of Marek's disease strain is primarily recognized?

<p>Type 1 - vvIBD (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one common indicator of immune diseases in birds?

<p>Persistent respiratory infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What preventive measure is effective against Marek's disease in birds?

<p>Vaccination (MDV) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccination method is typically NOT used for Newcastle Disease?

<p>Injectable doses only (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary etiological agent behind Infectious Laryngotracheitis?

<p>Gallid herpesvirus 1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Infectious Bronchitis

A viral disease of poultry, often propagated through egg embryos or vaccines, leading to high mortality in chicks and reduced egg production.

Avian Influenza (Etiology)

Caused by diverse type A orthomyxoviruses with hemagglutinating and neuraminidase antigens.

Avian Influenza (Symptoms)

Ranges from mild respiratory disease to severe, systemic infection. Symptoms include hemorrhages, ischemic necrosis of comb/wattles and respiratory rales.

Avian Influenza Transmission

Direct or indirect contact (fomites) can spread disease; wild birds are reservoirs.

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Fowl Pox (Etiology)

Caused by fowl poxvirus, pigeon poxvirus, or canary poxvirus.

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Fowl Pox (Symptoms)

Visible lesions on skin, mouth, and airways. Transmission is through arthropods (like mosquitoes) or contaminated equipment.

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Mycoplasmosis (Etiology)

Caused by Mycoplasma galllisepticum and Mycoplasma species.

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Mycoplasmosis (Symptoms)

Clinically affected birds may show unilateral or bilateral respiratory signs.

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Slipped Tendon/Perosis

A condition where the gastrocnemius tendon is misaligned from the intercondylar groove of the hock joint.

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MDV Exposure

Infected birds shed dander or feather dust, spreading the virus horizontally through wind, equipment, or personnel.

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Lead Toxicity Diagnosis

Fluorescence of blood on exposure to UV light is useful in diagnosing lead poisoning.

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Peripheral Nerve Enlargement

Enlarged peripheral nerves lead to paresis (weakness) or paralysis of legs or wings.

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MDV Resistance

MDV (viral) remains viable for long periods in environments, especially if not decontaminated.

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MDV Types

Different strains exist. Some are attenuated (weakened), pathogenic (disease causing), or apathogenic (not causing disease) for chickens and turkeys.

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vvIBD

A type of vvIBD (viral viral infectious bronchitis) that frequently appears in Middle Eastern, Asian, and African regions.

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Symptoms of Disease

Depressed, recumbent posture, ruffled feathers, and white diarrhea.

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Newcastle Disease

An acute, rapidly spreading respiratory disease in birds, causing harsh breathing, coughing, sneezing, and sometimes nervous system problems.

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Newcastle Disease Etiology

Caused by antigenically related strains of avian paramyxovirus type 1.

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Newcastle Disease Pathogenicity

Severity varies, classified into Velogenic, Mesogenic, and Lentogenic types, affecting different tissues.

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Infectious Laryngotracheitis

Highly contagious upper respiratory tract disease in birds.

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Infectious Laryngotracheitis Etiology

Caused by Gallid herpesvirus 1.

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Transmission of Avian Diseases Method

Direct contact with infected birds or carriers.

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Clinical Signs of Avian Diseases

Symptoms like hemorrhages in internal organs (viscera), coughing, gasping, cyanosis, and dyspnea occur.

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Avian Biosecurity

Importance of proper hygiene and disease prevention in livestock operations.

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Study Notes

Poultry Infectious and Non-Infectious Diseases

  • Vitamin Deficiencies:
    • Vitamin A Deficiency: Symptoms include respiratory diseases, ataxia, and night blindness.
    • Vitamin D Deficiency: Rickets is a common symptom.
    • Vitamin E Deficiency: Encephalomalacia and muscular dystrophy.
    • Vitamin B Complex Deficiencies: Thiamine, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, biotin deficiency can cause various issues.
    • Manganese and Choline Deficiency: Slipped tendon/perosis is a primary symptom. Other orthopedic conditions.
  • Immunosuppressive Diseases/Viral Diseases:
    • Marek's Disease: Also known as leukosis or fowl paralysis. Caused by Herpes virus. Oncogenic, causing tumours. Transmitted horizontally..
  • Fluoresence of Blood on UV Light: Useful in diagnosing lead poisoning.
    • Lead Toxicity: Caused by paint or orchard spray. > 7.2 mg/kg body weight is lethal. Prevention: Provide feed, avoid scattering, test soil and water, elevated wood pallets with rubber mats, and frequently check paint.

Other Diseases

  • Infectious Bursal Disease: Infects 20-60 day old chicks. Causes edema, swelling, vent pecking, prostration, and mortality. Etiology: Avibirnavirus.
    • Type 1 Classic: Highly pathogenic.
    • (vvIBD) serotype:
  • Chicken Infectious Anemia: Caused by Anemia Virus. Symptoms include aplastic anemia, lymphoid atrophy and immunosuppression. Etiology: Non-enveloped DNA virus, classified as circovirus.
  • Newcastle Disease: Acute, rapidly spreading respiratory disease. Harsh breathing, coughing, sneezing. Etiology: Avian paramyxovirus type 1.
    • Three categories of viral pathogenicity: Velogenic-viscerotropic, Mesogenic, Lentogenic.
  • Infectious Laryngotracheitis: Highly contagious upper respiratory tract disease. Replicates conjunctiva and tracheal mucosa. Epithelial cells are affected. Etiology: Herpesvirus.
  • Avian Influenza: Subcutaneous hemorrhages on feet and shanks. Ischemic necrosis of comb and wattles. Etiology: Diverse type A orthomyxovirus.
  • High mortality in young and drop in egg production. Etiology: Specific strains of an avian coronavirus. Vertical and horizontal transmission.
  • Infectious Bronchitis: Viral disease with high mortality in young birds. Drop in egg production. Etiology: Avian coronavirus. Direct contact or indirectly by fomites.
  • Aspergillosis: Various fungi, including Aspergillus fumigatus. Spores contaminate egg shells, leading to air cell colonization. Horizontal transmission in the hatchery.
  • Mycoplasmosis: Respiratory disease caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae. Symptoms include unilateral or bilateral or ocular discharge. Etiology: Mycoplasma. Chronic respiratory disease.
  • Infectious Coryza: Caused by Haemophilus paragallinarum. Three designated types, A, B, and C. Infection through direct or indirect contact.
  • Salmonellosis (Pullorum): Called "pullorum disease" or "bacillary white diarrhea" for BWD. Potentially world-wide. Vertical transmission is common (transovarial).
  • Salmonellosis (Typhoid): Etiology Salmonella, Vertical and lateral transmission. Diarrhea, depression, decline in egg production noted in older flocks.
  • Pasteurellosis: Caused by Pasteurella multocida. Several serotypes. May be chronic or acute. Varied pathogenicity.
  • Coccidiosis: Caused by Eimeria spp. parasites. Acute generally, characterized by intestinal depression.

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