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Questions and Answers
What type of bacteria is involved in nearly 50% of infertility problems in cattle?
Which virus is a common cause of diarrhoea in young dairy calves?
How is rotavirus primarily transmitted?
What is a characteristic of bovine rotavirus?
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What is a common outcome of rotavirus infection in calves?
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Which Salmonella subspecies is commonly associated with diarrhoea in calves?
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What is a crucial factor in the presentation and spread of disease in poultry?
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What is the aim of biosecurity in poultry farming?
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Which of the following is an optional vaccination for broilers?
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What is the importance of immunity at hatch in poultry?
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Why is vaccination extremely important in poultry farming?
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What is the main reason for limiting the entry of vehicles into poultry farms?
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What is the purpose of footbaths and dedicated boots in poultry farm biosecurity?
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Why are rodents and wild birds considered a threat in poultry farming?
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What is the primary mode of transmission of E. coli in poultry?
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What is the primary effect of Marek's disease on birds?
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What is the primary goal of control measures for Marek's disease?
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What is the definition of a parasite that infects only one host species as part of its lifecycle?
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What is the primary mode of transmission of Marek's disease?
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What is the primary purpose of vaccination in Marek's disease control?
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What is the primary characteristic of E. coli in poultry?
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What is the primary goal of management practices in intensive poultry production?
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Study Notes
Colibacillosis
- Secondary infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in all ages
- Present in shed from faecal contamination, and infection occurs via inhalation or ingestion
- Incubation period is 3-5 days
- Frequently associated with other pathogens
- Effects include respiratory signs and poor growth
- Control measures include flock treatment with antibiotics (though infrequently used), culling of sick birds, good hygiene, cleaning, and disinfection, and ensuring a good water supply
Marek's Disease
- Caused by a herpesvirus, leading to immunosuppression
- Stress and other factors affect the level of disease
- Subclinical disease can occur
- Syndromes include paralysis (transient or permanent) and tumours in internal organs and skin
- The virus is shed in dander for life and is inhaled (horizontal transmission)
- Contagious with acute Marek's disease having a morbidity of 10-50% and mortality up to 100%
- Control measures include vaccination (with in-ovo vaccination for broilers being very effective) and culling affected birds from the flock
Introduction to Parasites
- A parasite is an organism that lives on (ecto) or in (endo) a host organism and gets its food from or at the expense of its host
- A parasite that infects only one host as part of its lifecycle has a direct life cycle
- A parasite that must infect more than one host species to complete its lifecycle has a complex or indirect life cycle
- Factors affecting transmission and spread include ventilation, movement/introduction of animals, and management system
Disease Presentation and Spread
- Factors affecting disease presentation and spread include flock size and age of flock, housing type, management system, vaccination status, hygiene, ventilation, and stocking density
- The aim of biosecurity is to keep disease out and in, preventing entry of disease onto the property and limiting the spread of disease between sheds and farms
Host Factors
- No colostrum, with some Ig transferred via yolk sac
- Vertical transmission is via egg
- Immunity at hatch is important, and vaccination programs are crucial
Vaccination
- Vaccination programs include in-ovo vaccination for broilers and day-old vaccination for Marek's disease, infectious bronchitis, Newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease, and salmonella
- Optional vaccinations include infectious laryngotracheitis virus, salmonella, and coccidiosis
Antibiotics
- Antibiotics have limited selection and use, are used for whole flocks only, and have withholding periods for egg and broiler production
- Viruses are not affected by antibiotics, and biosecurity and vaccination are extremely important
Biosecurity
- Biosecurity measures include limiting vehicle entry, shower facilities, site-specific vehicles, and disinfecting equipment
- People entry is limited, with shower facilities, site clothing, and hand washing
- Rodents, wild birds, insects, cats, and foxes are excluded, and netting and rodent baiting are used
- Free-range farms have specific biosecurity measures
Fetus Subspecies Venerealis
- A gram-negative rod, fetus subspecies venerealis is involved in nearly 50% of infertility problems
- It causes infertility, poor conception, increased returns, and sporadic abortions
- Reduced calving rates occur, and it can cause permanent infertility in cows and heifers
- Cow-bull AI requires good hygiene to prevent transmission
Mastitis and Diarrhea in Young Dairy Calves
- Calf diarrhea can be caused by rotavirus, coronavirus, ETEC, and salmonella
- Transmission occurs via faecal-oral transmission, contaminated manure, and feeding equipment
- Rotavirus is a non-enveloped RNA virus, surviving months in faeces and being chlorine resistant
- Disease presentation includes diarrhea, secondary bacterial infection, and dehydration if incorrectly managed
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Description
This quiz covers infections in poultry, including causes, transmission, symptoms, and control measures. Learn about the impact of secondary infections on poultry health and mortality.
