Postnatal Development Factors
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Questions and Answers

What aspect of egocentrism suggests that adolescents believe they are the center of attention and are constantly being observed?

  • Personal fable
  • Imaginary audience (correct)
  • Pseudostupidity
  • Hypocrisy

During adolescence, parents remain the most important figures in a teenager's life.

False (B)

What term describes the process by which adolescents believe their experiences are unique and no one can understand their feelings?

Personal fable

Adolescents often experience increased _______ with their parents, particularly during early adolescence.

<p>conflicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant change in emotional development commonly experienced by adolescents?

<p>Greater mood shifts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to adolescent development with their correct definitions:

<p>Imaginary audience = Belief that one's experiences are unique Personal fable = Feeling of being observed by others Hypocrisy = Contradiction between stated beliefs and actions Pseudostupidity = Oversimplification of complicated issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

Developmental changes cease entirely in adulthood.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of risky behaviors that may increase during adolescence?

<p>Drinking, unprotected sex, reckless driving</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intelligence is known to improve until the late 30s?

<p>Crystallized intelligence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

High-pitched hearing ability starts to decline after the age of twenty.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cerebral arteriosclerosis?

<p>Hardening of the arteries in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Growth disorders are problems that prevent children from developing normal height, weight, sexual maturity, or other features of __________.

<p>growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages of grief by Elisabeth Kubler-Ross to their definitions:

<p>Denial = The initial reaction, believing the diagnosis is somehow mistaken Anger = Resentment that a loss has occurred Bargaining = Seeking compromise to protect oneself from a painful reality Depression = Sadness that comes with the realization of loss Acceptance = Coming to terms with mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes changes in emotional health as people age?

<p>Become more dependable and accepting of hardships (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Men do not tend to become more aware of their aesthetic needs as they grow older.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do cognitive declines in fluid intelligence typically occur?

<p>By the late 80s</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a nature factor affecting human growth and development?

<p>Genetic composition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children from higher socioeconomic classes are generally shorter than those from lower socioeconomic classes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one impact of malnutrition on growth and development?

<p>It plays a detrimental role in the process of growth and development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Deficiencies in trace minerals such as __________ can lead to growth retardation.

<p>zinc</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Early Protein Hypothesis' suggest?

<p>Lowering protein supply during infancy may help reduce obesity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following environmental factors to their descriptions:

<p>Nutrition = Affects psychomotor development and growth Socioeconomic status = Influences height and maturation rate Climate = Attributable to geographic location Family characteristics = Impact of education and emotional support</p> Signup and view all the answers

Early childhood experiences can significantly influence growth and development outcomes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of a geographical factor that affects growth?

<p>Where one lives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does an infant typically begin to understand object permanence?

<p>6 to 9 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By two years, infants often have a speaking vocabulary of 300 words.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant motor development milestone is commonly reached by 6 months?

<p>Rolling over</p> Signup and view all the answers

By one year, many infants can walk _______.

<p>alone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ability begins to develop in infants around 2 months of age?

<p>Grasping objects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following age milestones with their corresponding developmental abilities:

<p>2 months = Grasping objects 6 months = Rolling over 12 months = Saying words 18 months = Vocabulary of 20 words</p> Signup and view all the answers

By 4.5 months, most infants do not respond to their names.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of speech is typically characterized by two-word phrases at age two?

<p>Telegraphic speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason adolescents experience physiological changes during puberty?

<p>Production of sex hormones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most friendships during adolescence are more likely to involve cross-sex peers than same-sex peers.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what average age does menarche occur in females?

<p>12 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

The onset of puberty is characterized by the production of _______ by the ovaries and testes.

<p>sex hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following secondary sex characteristics to their respective genders:

<p>Men = Lowering of voice and growth of the penis Women = Development of pubic hair and menstruation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What notable change occurs in the brain during adolescence?

<p>Structural changes in the limbic system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adolescent friendships are primarily based on romantic interest rather than emotional support.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary sex changes that occur during adolescence?

<p>Ovulation and menstruation in females; production of sperms in males.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of growth failure worldwide?

<p>Malnutrition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Constitutional growth delay means the child is growing at a faster rate than average.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is primarily associated with regulating growth?

<p>growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

The condition where a fetus has slow growth is known as ______.

<p>intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the growth conditions with their descriptions:

<p>Familial short stature = A tendency to follow the family’s inherited short stature Syndromes = Genetic disorders like Turner syndrome and Down syndrome Hormonal disorders = Diseases affecting hormone secretion, such as thyroid issues Skeletal abnormalities = Bone diseases affecting height and growth, like achondroplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can cause growth problems?

<p>Excessive physical exercise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Severe stress can influence growth problems in children.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one endocrine disease that can lead to growth problems.

<p>Diabetes or thyroid hormone deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Postnatal Development

The process of growth and change that occurs after birth, encompassing physical, cognitive, and social aspects.

Nature vs. Nurture

A debate about the relative influence of genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) on human growth and development.

Socioeconomic Status and Growth

Children from higher socioeconomic backgrounds tend to be taller than those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds.

Secular Trend in Growth

The observation that children in recent generations are taller and mature earlier than previous generations.

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Family Characteristics and Growth

Higher family education levels have a positive impact on children's growth.

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Malnutrition and Growth

Inadequate nutrition can significantly hinder growth and development.

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Early Protein Hypothesis

The idea that limiting protein intake during infancy can help achieve normal growth and reduce the risk of obesity later in life.

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Adverse Early Childhood Experiences

Exposure to negative experiences during early childhood can impede development.

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Puberty Onset

The period of rapid physical changes that mark the beginning of sexual maturity, triggered by the production of sex hormones.

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Primary Sex Changes

The physical changes directly related to reproduction, such as the development of ovaries and testes, and the ability to produce eggs and sperm.

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Secondary Sex Changes

The physical changes that differentiate males and females but are not directly related to reproduction, like breast development in females and facial hair in males.

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Menarche

The first occurrence of menstruation in females, usually around 12 years old.

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Peer Influence

The significant impact that friends and peers have on adolescents, shaping their behaviors, values, and interests.

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Brain Development in Adolescence

Rapid changes in the brain's limbic system and frontal lobes during adolescence, leading to increased risk-taking, novelty-seeking, and emotional sensitivity.

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Adolescent Reasoning

The ability to think abstractly and use logic for problem-solving, a key milestone in adolescent development.

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Hormones and Sexuality

The impact of sex hormones on adolescent development, driving physiological changes and increasing interest in romantic relationships.

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Reflexive Breathing

A natural instinct in newborns to move their head and clear their airways when something blocks their breathing. This reflex diminishes around 2 months of age.

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Transition to Voluntary Breathing

Between 2 and 5 months, infants switch from relying on reflexive movements for breathing to using voluntary actions. This can be a challenging period as they learn to control their airways.

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Object Permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight. This develops around 6 to 9 months of age.

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First Words

Infants typically begin saying their first words around 12 months of age. By 18 months, they usually have a vocabulary of 20 words.

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Telegraphic Speech

A simplified form of speech characterized by two-word phrases, usually missing function words like articles and prepositions. This appears around age two.

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Vision Development

Infants' vision improves rapidly during the first few months. By six months, their vision is typically 20/20.

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Early Sensory Integration

From about two months, infants start integrating sensory experiences with their motor movements, for example, coordinating sucking with the feeling of a nipple.

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Memory in Infancy

Infants demonstrate developing memory abilities. By six months, they can remember a task for two weeks, and this capacity increases with age.

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Imaginary Audience

Adolescents often act as if everyone is constantly watching and judging them, even though this may not be true.

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Personal Fable

Adolescents believe their experiences and feelings are unique and no one else understands them.

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Hypocrisy in Adolescence

A gap exists between what adolescents say they believe and how they actually behave, leading to inconsistencies in their actions.

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Pseudostupidity

Adolescents sometimes use oversimplified logic or fail to see the bigger picture, leading to poor decisions or conclusions.

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Mood Changes in Adolescence

Adolescents experience more frequent and intense mood shifts, including feelings of self-consciousness, embarrassment, loneliness, and nervousness.

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Risky Behavior in Adolescence

Adolescents tend to engage in more risky behaviors, such as drinking, unprotected sex, and reckless driving, due to a combination of factors like peer pressure and an underdeveloped sense of consequence.

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Familial Short Stature

A tendency to inherit a short stature based on the family's genetics.

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Constitutional Growth Delay

Delayed puberty, where a child enters puberty later than average but grows at a normal rate. Most of these children eventually reach a similar height to their parents.

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Systemic Illnesses Impact

Diseases affecting the whole body (e.g., digestive tract, kidneys, heart, lungs) can disrupt growth.

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Endocrine Disease Impact

Hormonal disorders like diabetes or thyroid deficiency can disrupt normal bone growth.

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Growth Hormone Deficiency

A problem with the pituitary gland, which secretes growth hormone, causing impaired growth.

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Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)

Slow fetal growth within the uterus, leading to a smaller-than-normal baby.

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Skeletal Abnormalities and Growth

Bone diseases, including genetic ones, can affect height and growth. Achondroplasia, a type of dwarfism, is one example.

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Decline in Sensory Abilities

As we age, our senses start to decline gradually. This includes vision, hearing, taste, and smell. These declines are more pronounced in men than women.

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Impact of Cerebral Arteriosclerosis

Hardening of the arteries in the brain, known as cerebral arteriosclerosis, can significantly impact intellectual ability. This decline in cognitive function is accelerated if individuals don't maintain healthy exercise and activity habits during adulthood.

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Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence

Fluid intelligence, which refers to the ability to think abstractly and solve problems, tends to decline with age. Crystallized intelligence, which involves accumulated knowledge and skills, continues to improve until the late 30s before declining slowly.

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Emotional and Social Development in Adulthood

As adults age, they experience a mix of improvements and declines in emotional and social development. They tend to become less anxious, more dependable, and accepting of life's challenges.

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Kubler-Ross Stages of Grief

Elisabeth Kubler-Ross identified five stages of grief that people often go through when facing death. These stages include denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

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Growth Disorders in Children

Growth disorders are problems that prevent children from attaining normal height, weight, sexual maturity, or other physical characteristics.

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Importance of Religious Belief in Facing Death

For older adults facing their own mortality, religious beliefs can provide comfort, solace, and a sense of purpose.

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Acceptance of Death

The final stage of grief involves accepting the inevitability of death. It is characterized by a lifting of depression and a sense of peace with mortality.

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Study Notes

Postnatal Development Factors

  • Factors influencing growth and development are categorized as nature (genetic) and nurture (environmental)
  • Nature factors include genetic makeup and hormones affecting development.
  • Environmental factors include nutrition, disease, socioeconomic status, geographical location, physical activity, climate, family characteristics, and early experiences.

Socioeconomic Factors

  • Children from higher socioeconomic backgrounds are taller than those from lower backgrounds, at the same age and sex.
  • Urbanization positively impacts growth
  • A 'secular trend' is observed, where children grow taller and mature faster than previous generations, particularly in developed nations like North America.

Family Characteristics

  • Higher family education levels positively influence growth.
  • Lack of emotional support and inadequate developmental stimulation (e.g., language training) can negatively affect growth and development.

Nutrition

  • Malnutrition has a detrimental effect on growth and development.
  • Deficiencies in trace minerals can hinder growth and development (iron affects psychomotor skills, zinc causes retardation).
  • Selenium, iodine, manganese, and copper are also crucial.
  • Growth faltering or rapid weight gain in early childhood impacts later health outcomes.
  • Early childhood diet strongly influences obesity risk later in life.
  • The "Early Protein Hypothesis" suggests that lower protein intake in infancy can improve future growth and reduce obesity.

Role of Experience in Early Childhood

  • Exposure to adverse experiences (neglect) negatively impacts development.
  • Children adopted before six months have similar development to non-adoptive siblings.
  • Adoption after six months may increase the risk of cognitive deficits and behavioral issues, including autism and hyperactivity.
  • Early intervention programs are crucial for children with adverse experiences.

Postnatal Stages

  • Postnatal growth and development occur concurrently but at different rates.
  • Stages include neonatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.

Neonatal Period

  • The period from birth to two weeks.
  • Physically dependent on adults, with limited mobility and reflexes.
  • High levels of sleep, with cognitive development limited to basic reflexes like rooting and sucking.

Infancy (2 weeks to 2 years)

  • Rapid physical growth.
  • Development of motor skills (raising head, grasping objects, crawling, walking).
  • Sensory development (vision, hearing, taste).
  • Development of cognitive skills (object permanence, understanding language).
  • Increased interaction with the environment.

Early Childhood (2-7 years)

  • Continued physical growth, but less rapidly than in infancy.
  • Development of small and large muscle groups.
  • Emerging capacity for mental imagery.
  • Egocentric thinking (difficulty considering others' perspectives).
  • Transductive reasoning (erroneous cause-and-effect logic).

Middle Childhood (7-11 years)

  • Slower physical growth than earlier periods
  • Improved cognitive abilities(logical operations)
  • Increased social interactions and understanding of others' perspectives.

Adolescence

  • Physiological changes associated with puberty (hormonal changes, sexual maturation).
  • Growth spurt in height and weight.
  • Emotional and social development, including peer relationships and increasing independence from parents.

Adulthood

  • Physical decline in speed, endurance, and sensory abilities.
  • Cognitive development continues, with fluid intelligence declining and crystallized intelligence improving initially.
  • Emotional and social development involving life responsibilities.

Growth and Development Abnormalities

  • Growth disorders can result from genetics, hormonal issues, systemic illnesses, or poor nutrition.
  • Symptoms may include abnormal height, weight, sexual maturity, or other developmental delays.
  • Treatment may involve various medical interventions and therapies.

Educational Implications

  • Education should consider individual differences in growth and development rates.
  • Curriculum and pedagogical techniques should adapt to different developmental stages.
  • Teachers and parents should support pupils and foster healthy development.

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Human Growth and Development Lecture Notes PDF

Description

Explore the various factors that influence postnatal growth and development in children. Understand the roles of nature and nurture, including genetic makeup, environmental influences, and socioeconomic status. This quiz delves into how these elements contribute to a child's physical and emotional growth.

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