Postnatal Development Factors
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Questions and Answers

What aspect of egocentrism suggests that adolescents believe they are the center of attention and are constantly being observed?

  • Personal fable
  • Imaginary audience (correct)
  • Pseudostupidity
  • Hypocrisy

    • During adolescence, parents remain the most important figures in a teenager's life.

    False

    What term describes the process by which adolescents believe their experiences are unique and no one can understand their feelings?

    Personal fable

    Adolescents often experience increased _______ with their parents, particularly during early adolescence.

    <p>conflicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant change in emotional development commonly experienced by adolescents?

    <p>Greater mood shifts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to adolescent development with their correct definitions:

    <p>Imaginary audience = Belief that one's experiences are unique Personal fable = Feeling of being observed by others Hypocrisy = Contradiction between stated beliefs and actions Pseudostupidity = Oversimplification of complicated issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Developmental changes cease entirely in adulthood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of risky behaviors that may increase during adolescence?

    <p>Drinking, unprotected sex, reckless driving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intelligence is known to improve until the late 30s?

    <p>Crystallized intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High-pitched hearing ability starts to decline after the age of twenty.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cerebral arteriosclerosis?

    <p>Hardening of the arteries in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Growth disorders are problems that prevent children from developing normal height, weight, sexual maturity, or other features of __________.

    <p>growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of grief by Elisabeth Kubler-Ross to their definitions:

    <p>Denial = The initial reaction, believing the diagnosis is somehow mistaken Anger = Resentment that a loss has occurred Bargaining = Seeking compromise to protect oneself from a painful reality Depression = Sadness that comes with the realization of loss Acceptance = Coming to terms with mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes changes in emotional health as people age?

    <p>Become more dependable and accepting of hardships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Men do not tend to become more aware of their aesthetic needs as they grow older.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do cognitive declines in fluid intelligence typically occur?

    <p>By the late 80s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a nature factor affecting human growth and development?

    <p>Genetic composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children from higher socioeconomic classes are generally shorter than those from lower socioeconomic classes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one impact of malnutrition on growth and development?

    <p>It plays a detrimental role in the process of growth and development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deficiencies in trace minerals such as __________ can lead to growth retardation.

    <p>zinc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'Early Protein Hypothesis' suggest?

    <p>Lowering protein supply during infancy may help reduce obesity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following environmental factors to their descriptions:

    <p>Nutrition = Affects psychomotor development and growth Socioeconomic status = Influences height and maturation rate Climate = Attributable to geographic location Family characteristics = Impact of education and emotional support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Early childhood experiences can significantly influence growth and development outcomes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one example of a geographical factor that affects growth?

    <p>Where one lives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does an infant typically begin to understand object permanence?

    <p>6 to 9 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By two years, infants often have a speaking vocabulary of 300 words.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant motor development milestone is commonly reached by 6 months?

    <p>Rolling over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By one year, many infants can walk _______.

    <p>alone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ability begins to develop in infants around 2 months of age?

    <p>Grasping objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following age milestones with their corresponding developmental abilities:

    <p>2 months = Grasping objects 6 months = Rolling over 12 months = Saying words 18 months = Vocabulary of 20 words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By 4.5 months, most infants do not respond to their names.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of speech is typically characterized by two-word phrases at age two?

    <p>Telegraphic speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason adolescents experience physiological changes during puberty?

    <p>Production of sex hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most friendships during adolescence are more likely to involve cross-sex peers than same-sex peers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what average age does menarche occur in females?

    <p>12 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The onset of puberty is characterized by the production of _______ by the ovaries and testes.

    <p>sex hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following secondary sex characteristics to their respective genders:

    <p>Men = Lowering of voice and growth of the penis Women = Development of pubic hair and menstruation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What notable change occurs in the brain during adolescence?

    <p>Structural changes in the limbic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adolescent friendships are primarily based on romantic interest rather than emotional support.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary sex changes that occur during adolescence?

    <p>Ovulation and menstruation in females; production of sperms in males.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of growth failure worldwide?

    <p>Malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Constitutional growth delay means the child is growing at a faster rate than average.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is primarily associated with regulating growth?

    <p>growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The condition where a fetus has slow growth is known as ______.

    <p>intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the growth conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Familial short stature = A tendency to follow the family’s inherited short stature Syndromes = Genetic disorders like Turner syndrome and Down syndrome Hormonal disorders = Diseases affecting hormone secretion, such as thyroid issues Skeletal abnormalities = Bone diseases affecting height and growth, like achondroplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that can cause growth problems?

    <p>Excessive physical exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Severe stress can influence growth problems in children.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one endocrine disease that can lead to growth problems.

    <p>Diabetes or thyroid hormone deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Postnatal Development Factors

    • Factors influencing growth and development are categorized as nature (genetic) and nurture (environmental)
    • Nature factors include genetic makeup and hormones affecting development.
    • Environmental factors include nutrition, disease, socioeconomic status, geographical location, physical activity, climate, family characteristics, and early experiences.

    Socioeconomic Factors

    • Children from higher socioeconomic backgrounds are taller than those from lower backgrounds, at the same age and sex.
    • Urbanization positively impacts growth
    • A 'secular trend' is observed, where children grow taller and mature faster than previous generations, particularly in developed nations like North America.

    Family Characteristics

    • Higher family education levels positively influence growth.
    • Lack of emotional support and inadequate developmental stimulation (e.g., language training) can negatively affect growth and development.

    Nutrition

    • Malnutrition has a detrimental effect on growth and development.
    • Deficiencies in trace minerals can hinder growth and development (iron affects psychomotor skills, zinc causes retardation).
    • Selenium, iodine, manganese, and copper are also crucial.
    • Growth faltering or rapid weight gain in early childhood impacts later health outcomes.
    • Early childhood diet strongly influences obesity risk later in life.
    • The "Early Protein Hypothesis" suggests that lower protein intake in infancy can improve future growth and reduce obesity.

    Role of Experience in Early Childhood

    • Exposure to adverse experiences (neglect) negatively impacts development.
    • Children adopted before six months have similar development to non-adoptive siblings.
    • Adoption after six months may increase the risk of cognitive deficits and behavioral issues, including autism and hyperactivity.
    • Early intervention programs are crucial for children with adverse experiences.

    Postnatal Stages

    • Postnatal growth and development occur concurrently but at different rates.
    • Stages include neonatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.

    Neonatal Period

    • The period from birth to two weeks.
    • Physically dependent on adults, with limited mobility and reflexes.
    • High levels of sleep, with cognitive development limited to basic reflexes like rooting and sucking.

    Infancy (2 weeks to 2 years)

    • Rapid physical growth.
    • Development of motor skills (raising head, grasping objects, crawling, walking).
    • Sensory development (vision, hearing, taste).
    • Development of cognitive skills (object permanence, understanding language).
    • Increased interaction with the environment.

    Early Childhood (2-7 years)

    • Continued physical growth, but less rapidly than in infancy.
    • Development of small and large muscle groups.
    • Emerging capacity for mental imagery.
    • Egocentric thinking (difficulty considering others' perspectives).
    • Transductive reasoning (erroneous cause-and-effect logic).

    Middle Childhood (7-11 years)

    • Slower physical growth than earlier periods
    • Improved cognitive abilities(logical operations)
    • Increased social interactions and understanding of others' perspectives.

    Adolescence

    • Physiological changes associated with puberty (hormonal changes, sexual maturation).
    • Growth spurt in height and weight.
    • Emotional and social development, including peer relationships and increasing independence from parents.

    Adulthood

    • Physical decline in speed, endurance, and sensory abilities.
    • Cognitive development continues, with fluid intelligence declining and crystallized intelligence improving initially.
    • Emotional and social development involving life responsibilities.

    Growth and Development Abnormalities

    • Growth disorders can result from genetics, hormonal issues, systemic illnesses, or poor nutrition.
    • Symptoms may include abnormal height, weight, sexual maturity, or other developmental delays.
    • Treatment may involve various medical interventions and therapies.

    Educational Implications

    • Education should consider individual differences in growth and development rates.
    • Curriculum and pedagogical techniques should adapt to different developmental stages.
    • Teachers and parents should support pupils and foster healthy development.

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    Related Documents

    Human Growth and Development Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the various factors that influence postnatal growth and development in children. Understand the roles of nature and nurture, including genetic makeup, environmental influences, and socioeconomic status. This quiz delves into how these elements contribute to a child's physical and emotional growth.

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