Stanbridge - T4 - Peds - W2 - Typical & Atypical Postnatal Development

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Questions and Answers

At what age does voluntary grasp replace the reflexive grasp in infants?

6 months (correct)

10 months

8 months

4 months

Which of the following fine motor skills develops first?

Radial digital grasp

Superior pincer grasp

Fine Inferior pincer grasp

Raking with fingers (correct)

What is the typical age range for segmental rolling from supine to prone in infants?

4-6 months

8-10 months

10-12 months

6-8 months (correct)

What fine motor skill involves thumb adduction and develops at 7 months of age?

Radial palmar grasp Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget, what developmental stage encompasses infancy from birth to about age 2?

Sensorimotor Period Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of the stages in the development of motor control?

Mobility, Stability, Controlled Mobility, Skill Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of motor development does an infant primarily perform random reflexive movements?

Stage 1 - Mobility Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Stage 3 - Controlled Mobility in the development of motor control?

Weight shifting within a posture Signup and view all the answers

How does sensation contribute to motor control in infants?

It provides feedback for accuracy in hand placement. Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental direction is specifically associated with postural control?

Cephalocaudal Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of postural reactions identified in the objective regarding motor control?

Tonic holding and co-contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the final stage of motor development as described in the content provided?

Skill Signup and view all the answers

At what age do downward lower extremity reactions first develop?

4 months Signup and view all the answers

Which reaction integrates by the age of 9 months?

Backward upper extremity Signup and view all the answers

What age marks the onset of supine equilibrium reactions?

7-8 months Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about protective extension reactions is true?

They begin at 4 months. Signup and view all the answers

In which posture do equilibrium reactions first develop?

Prone Signup and view all the answers

How do equilibrium reactions assist an infant physically?

They help maintain vertical alignment when displaced. Signup and view all the answers

What indicates the maturity of sitting equilibrium reactions?

Creeping on all fours Signup and view all the answers

What age range signifies the onset of standing equilibrium reactions?

12-24 months Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of the Landau Response?

Assisting in maintaining spinal alignment Signup and view all the answers

What key development occurs during the first three months of infancy relating to the central nervous system?

Improved lung capacity and gastrointestinal regulation Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants typically develop eye-hand coordination?

By three months Signup and view all the answers

Which sense is the least developed at birth compared to others?

Vision Signup and view all the answers

What sensory ability do infants develop by six months concerning hearing?

Localization of sound direction Signup and view all the answers

What visual acuity can a twelve-month-old typically achieve?

20/50 Signup and view all the answers

What distinctive feature of newborn vision is noted in the content?

Nearsightedness with a focus range of 8-10 inches Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following provides crucial stimulation for infants between birth and three months?

Skin contact and warmth Signup and view all the answers

By what age do infants start to show a preference for patterns and contrast?

By 1 month Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of psychosocial development is emphasized during late adulthood?

Sense of wholeness and fulfillment Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants typically begin to discriminate a real face from a picture of a face?

By 3 months Signup and view all the answers

What role does the development of neck-on-body (NOB) coordination play in an infant's motor skills?

Aids in developing equilibrium reactions Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between sensory experiences and motor actions according to Piaget?

Sensory experiences and motor actions are interdependent during development. Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental stage is characterized by pairing sensory and motor reflexes leading to purposeful activity?

Sensorimotor Stage Signup and view all the answers

What dimension does development NOT primarily take place in, based on the multifaceted approach to development?

Musical development Signup and view all the answers

In the context of performance skills, which of the following is least involved in cognitive processing?

Physical strength and coordination Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic can be attributed to the preoperational stage of development?

Use of symbols and increased language Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects Piaget's concept of schemas?

Schemas are developed through interaction with the environment. Signup and view all the answers

What type of motor skill focuses on the ability to stabilize the body and manipulate objects?

Gross motor skills Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of development begins with a unidimensional awareness of the environment?

Preoperational Stage Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is primarily associated with the school-age concrete operational stage?

Problem-solving with real objects Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction

These notes summarize typical and atypical developmental stages in infants.
The study material is intended for PTA 1011 students at Stanbridge University.
The date of the presentation is 2/29/2024.

Review - Reflexes

Images of infant reflexes were presented.
Reflexes include: Moro reflex, ATNR (Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex), grasping reflex and others

Motor Control & Learning

Chapter 3 in the Neurologic Interventions for Physical Therapy Textbook (3rd edition) is highlighted.
Motor Control and Learning is a key topic.
Learning objectives include identifying stages of development and motor milestones. Understanding motor control and recognizing postural reactions and their impact on development.
Developmental process is outlined as mobility-stability-skill.

Learning Objectives

Identify stages of typical development.
Understand typical and atypical development.
Recognize postural reactions and motor milestones.
Differentiate between typical and atypical development.
Recognize characteristics of atypical development and red flags.
Understand the effect of poverty on development.

Development of Motor Control

Mobility, stability, and controlled mobility and skill are presented as the developmental progression.
Posture develops in a cephalocaudal (head-to-toe) direction.
Postural control is the ability to maintain body alignment. Infants learn postural responses automatically to maintain a position.

Postural Reactions and Responses

Three types are: righting, protective, and equilibrium reactions.
Righting reactions orient the head in space and allow appropriate body alignment when the position is altered through movement and changes.
Protective reactions help the body maintain balance or regain postural control. This is described more in detail later in the document.
Equilibrium reactions maintain balance and allow for adjustments in postures, such as standing, sitting, walking, and creeping.

Function of Righting Reactions

Righting reactions help infants maintain or regain body alignment.
These reactions help infants respond to gravity based on head movements and position shifts.
Different types of righting reactions are described.
Examples of righting reactions include head righting, optical righting, and labyrinthine righting.

Righting Reactions (continued)

Head righting develops first, the trunk second and this is an immature form compared to the mature form.
This is an essential component of development.
Various types of righting reactions (head righting, optical/labyrinthine,and trunk righting) are identified and their timing in development is analyzed

Types of Righting Reactions(continued)

Different types of righting reactions (optical and Labyrinthine) and their timing in development are highlighted.
Types of these reactions are discussed - immature and mature forms.
Examples of righting reactions include head righting and trunk righting in relation to moving the body to accommodate posture changes.

Neck on Body Righting(NOB) - immature and mature forms

Neck on body righting (NOB), immature - described and analyzed in terms of stimulus and response to describe the postural reactions that develop over time
Neck on body righting (NOB), mature - described and analyzed in terms of stimulus and response. Includes stages of rolling and segmental control.

Optical Righting/Labyrinthine Righting

This reaction allows the head to maintain an upright position as the body is tilted in different directions.
Starts at birth and will persist throughout life.
It's about body alignment in relation to the head based on cues.

Head Righting

Example given of how this reaction develops in response to changes in posture and relates to achieving balance.
The importance of head righting in postural control for the baby is described.

Trunk Righting Reactions

Different types are described (immature and mature form).
Response to stimulus (e.g., crossing one leg over the other) is described.
Onset and integration details are provided for both immature and mature forms.

Importance of Tummy Time

Tummy time is crucial in development and assists in weight bearing and head control while in supine.
Physiological flexion and positioning in prone and prone position support important development.

Atypical Development

Characteristics of atypical motor development are highlighted, including abnormal muscle tone, muscle weakness, asymmetry, and lack of various movements.
Some red flags for atypical development are identified.
Examples of atypical development include abnormal muscle tone, muscle weakness, asymmetry, and poor prone tolerance.

Atypical Tone

Types of atypical muscle tone and their characteristics.
Descriptions and explanations are provided. Examples of tone include Hypotonia, Rigidity, Hypertonia.
How these types of tone affect development are discussed.

Tone Reducing Techniques

Techniques used to modify muscle tone/spasticity and how they help develop motor control. This includes positioning the patient; handling the patient; and various techniques.
Examples of interventions are provided.
Interventions are useful for correcting and managing abnormal tone in the body that can prevent proper body functioning.

Other Developmental Issues

Development in children with visual impairments that may affect typical motor development.
Also considered are challenges related to the effects of poverty and their influence on the development of a child.

Learning Assessment Questions

Several questions on typical and atypical motor development. These questions include examples comparing normal and atypical development in the form of questions and answers about the subject matter.

Performance Skills - Communication and Interaction

The skills needed to interact with other people are described.
Examples and explanation how language and psychosocial development impact performance are also provided.

Studying That Suits You

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Description

Test your knowledge on the stages of motor development in infants through a series of questions about fine motor skills, grasp patterns, and developmental stages according to Piaget. This quiz covers essential milestones and the progression of motor control from reflexive movements to controlled mobility.