Post-Synaptic Electrophysiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of ion channel does a Cl- channel create in the postsynaptic neuron, when activated?

  • Mechanically-gated channel
  • Voltage-gated channel
  • Leak channel
  • Ligand-gated channel (correct)

    • What is the primary characteristic that allows different neuronal responses despite similar basic electrophysiology?

  • Electrochemical gradients only
  • Single neurotransmitter use
  • Presence of only excitatory inputs
  • Diversity of post-synaptic regulation (correct)

    • Which factor is least likely to contribute to the regulation and coordination of cellular physiology within a nervous system?

  • Diverse neurotransmitter types
  • Different receptor proteins
  • Limited intracellular signaling pathways (correct)
  • Multiple synaptic inputs

    • Bioelectricity is defined as what type of activity?

    <p>Electrical activity that occurs within living organisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of neurotransmitters contributes to synaptic transmission diversity?

    <p>The variety of neurotransmitter types available (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do intracellular signaling pathways play in neuronal function?

    <p>They facilitate diversity in synaptic regulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of folding in the mammalian nervous system?

    <p>To increase the surface area for neurons and synapses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the evolution of brain regions in chordates?

    <p>Selective pressure leads to the conservation and modification of brain regions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of functional divisions, how is the vertebrate nervous system structured?

    <p>It is divided into distinct functional regions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the representation of brain processing regions signify in different groups of chordates?

    <p>It reflects the integration of sensory and motor capabilities unique to each group. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the mammalian brain exemplify complexity in its architecture?

    <p>It's divided into multiple functional regions that enhance processing capabilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the nervous system organization of sponges?

    <p>Sponges have no neurons but maintain basic cell physiology. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes cephalization in the evolution of nervous systems?

    <p>Concentration of neurons and ganglia in a head region. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which group of animals does the presence of a nerve ring indicate a higher level of nervous system organization?

    <p>Echinoderms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is NOT characteristic of arthropod nervous systems?

    <p>Presence of nerve nets. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about the nervous systems of molluscs compared to arthropods?

    <p>Molluscs have clustered neurons in paired ganglia. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of processing is associated with nerve cords found in arthropods?

    <p>Rapid processing due to segmental ganglia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about echinoderms is correct?

    <p>They have a nerve ring and radial nerves. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishing feature do vertebrates have in regards to their nervous systems?

    <p>A complex, lobed brain and a centralized nervous system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a Na+ channel opens in the post-synaptic neuron?

    <p>It results in an excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the potential generated in the dendrites of a post-synaptic neuron?

    <p>Post-Synaptic Potential (PSP) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the axon hillock, the resulting post-synaptic potential can either depolarize or hyperpolarize the membrane. Which factor determines this effect?

    <p>The type of receptor or ion channel in the dendrite. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of K+ ions flowing outward through a K+ channel in a post-synaptic neuron?

    <p>It results in an inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the role of neurotransmitters in post-synaptic electrophysiology?

    <p>They bind to receptors and initiate ion flow across the membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes an electrotonic potential?

    <p>It decays as it travels along the dendrites. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would result from a receptor that allows both Na+ and K+ ions to flow simultaneously?

    <p>An ambiguous effect on the post-synaptic potential may arise. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of post-synaptic potentials, what does the term 'depolarization' refer to?

    <p>A decrease in the membrane potential, making it more positive. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of the autonomic nervous system's activation?

    <p>Coordination of involuntary organ systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division?

    <p>Norepinephrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

    <p>The two divisions have opposing effects on organ systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is primarily activated by the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Increase in respiratory rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify a key function of the parasympathetic division.

    <p>Constrict airways (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does norepinephrine have on the digestive tract?

    <p>Inhibits digestive function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the function of acetylcholine in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Acts as a neurotransmitter in both divisions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is described as the body's 'rest and digest' system?

    <p>Parasympathetic nervous system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs would likely be inhibited by sympathetic nervous system activity?

    <p>Digestive tract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a 'fight or flight' response, which physiological response is NOT typical?

    <p>Decreased respiration rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the organization of the autonomic nervous system is correct?

    <p>It involves two efferent neurons and peripheral ganglia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the sympathetic division?

    <p>Causes wide-ranging physiological changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the autonomic divisions maintain homeostasis?

    <p>Through extensive feedback loops regulating body functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does the parasympathetic division have on heart function?

    <p>Inhibits heart rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Post-Synaptic Electrophysiology

    Study of electrical changes in neurons after neurotransmitter binding.

    Post-Synaptic Potential (PSP)

    Electrical potential in the post-synaptic neuron after neurotransmitter binding.

    Electrotonic Potential (EP)

    The spread of electrical signal along a neuron's membrane following PSP.

    Axon Hillock

    The area of the neuron where the integration of PSP occurs.

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    Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential (EPSP)

    A type of PSP that depolarizes the membrane, making it more likely to fire.

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    Ion Channels

    Proteins that allow specific ions to pass through the neuron's membrane.

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    Depolarization

    A decrease in membrane potential, often leading to neuron firing.

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    Hyperpolarization

    An increase in membrane potential, making firing less likely.

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    IPSP

    An inhibitory postsynaptic potential that hyperpolarizes a neuron.

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    Graded Potentials

    PSPs that vary in size based on neurotransmitter release, unlike all-or-none action potentials.

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    EPSP

    An excitatory postsynaptic potential that depolarizes a neuron.

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    Neurotransmitter Release

    The amount of neurotransmitter released affects the size of the PSP.

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    Summation of PSPs

    The process where several PSPs combine, affecting neuron output.

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    Subthreshold PSPs

    PSPs that are not strong enough to trigger an action potential alone.

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    Input Integration

    Process of combining information from multiple synapses on a postsynaptic neuron.

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    Nervous system evolution

    Changes in the nervous system of chordates over time, leading to complex structures.

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    Conserved brain regions

    Brain areas that remain similar across species despite modifications.

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    Folding increases surface area

    Brain folding allows for more neurons and synapses in a limited space, enhancing function.

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    Functional divisions of the brain

    Different regions of the brain are specialized for distinct functions during processing.

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    Selective pressure

    Environmental factors that favor certain traits in the evolution of brain regions.

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    Efferent

    Nerves that carry signals away from the CNS to effectors.

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    Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

    Part of the nervous system controlling involuntary functions.

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    Somatic Division

    Part of the ANS responsible for voluntary control of body movements.

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    Sympathetic Division

    Division of the ANS that prepares the body for 'fight or flight' response.

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    Parasympathetic Division

    Division of the ANS that promotes 'rest and digest' functions.

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    Neurotransmitters

    Chemical messengers that transmit signals across a synapse.

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    Preganglionic Neuron

    Neuron that transmits signals from the CNS to ganglia in the ANS.

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    Postganglionic Neuron

    Neuron that carries signals from ganglia to target organs in the ANS.

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    Antagonistic Effects

    Opposing actions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.

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    Tissue-Specific Response

    Responses dependent on the neurotransmitter and type of receptor present.

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    Neurochemistry

    Study of chemicals that affect the nervous system's function.

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    Feedback Loops

    Mechanisms that maintain homeostasis by regulating responses in the ANS.

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    Homeostasis

    The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.

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    Innervation

    Supply of nerves to a specific body part or organ.

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    Ganglia

    Clusters of nerve cell bodies in the ANS that act as relay points.

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    Sponges

    Simple aquatic organisms without neurons but with basic cell physiology.

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    Cephalization

    Concentration of neurons and ganglia in a 'head' region of an organism.

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    Nerve Nets

    A decentralized network of neurons found in cnidarians that allows for basic processing.

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    Planarians

    Flatworms with a small brain formed from a pair of ganglia and nerve cords.

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    Arthropods

    Organisms with a head region that contains the brain and connected ganglia.

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    Molluscs

    Animals with neurons clustered into paired structures and complex nervous systems.

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    Vertebrates

    Organisms with complex central nervous systems composed of a brain and spinal cord.

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    Synaptic Regulation

    Diverse alterations in neuron response due to multiple synaptic inputs and neurotransmitters.

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    Bioelectricity

    Electrical activity occurring within living organisms, essential for neuronal signaling.

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    Study Notes

    Post-Synaptic Electrophysiology

    • Ions move across the post-synaptic membrane due to neurotransmitter binding to receptor
    • These cause an electrotonic potential (EP) in dendrites of the post-synaptic neuron
    • The EP flows along the membrane surface to the axon hillock
    • The EP from the dendrites is called a post-synaptic potential (PSP)

    Post Synaptic Potentials

    • Channels are proteins within dendrites
    • Depend on the type of receptor/ion channel
    • A Na+ channel allows Na+ to flow inward, causing a depolarizing or excitatory PSP (EPSP)
    • A K+ channel allows K+ to flow outward, causing a hyperpolarizing or inhibitory PSP (IPSP)
    • A Cl- channel allows Cl- to flow inward, causing a hyperpolarizing or inhibitory PSP (IPSP)

    PSP's are Graded Potentials

    • EPSPs and IPSPs are graded potentials (not all or none)
    • Graded potentials depend on the amount of neurotransmitter released
    • PSP size depends on the strength of stimulus

    Postsynaptic Neurons Receive Many Inputs

    • Up to 1,000 inputs onto postsynaptic neurons
    • These inputs are synaptic connections

    Summation of PSPs

    • Summation can involve both EPSPs and IPSPs
    • Occurs in time and space
    • Summation is important for processing inputs, learning, and memory

    Overview of Neuronal Signaling Physiology

    • Presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters
    • Postsynaptic neuron receives neurotransmitters
    • Action potential occurs, causing synaptic transmission
    • Neurotransmitter binding results in a EPSP or IPSP

    Post Synaptic Regulation

    • All neurons have the same basic electrophysiology
    • Postsynaptic regulation differs due to multiple inputs, variety of neurotransmitters, different receptors, and intracellular pathways
    • This allows the nervous system to coordinate virtually all cellular physiology

    Summary

    • Bioelectricity is the electrical activity in living organisms. It's a result of charged particles (ions) moving in and out of cells.
    • Nervous systems are designed for optimum functioning.
    • The diversity in nervous systems reflects differences in organsim lifestyle and habitat.

    Functional Divisions

    • Somatic: voluntary control
    • Autonomic: involuntary control (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
      • Sympathetic: whole body, "fight or flight", organ-specific, "rest and digest"
      • Parasympathetic: organ specific, "rest and digest"

    The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

    • Most tissues are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
    • Two efferent neurons and peripheral ganglia are involved
    • Integration occurs in ganglia

    The ANS Divisions

    • Sympathetic: more wide-spread (whole body effects)
    • Parasympathetic: more organ-specific effects

    Functions of the ANS

    • Sympathetic: relaxes airways, increases heartbeat, inhibits digestion, and stimulates heart
    • Parasympathetic: constricts airways, slows heartbeat, stimulates digestion, and inhibits heart.

    Neurotransmitters & Receptors of The ANS

    • Sympathetic: acetylcholine (preganglionic), norepinephrine/adrenoceptors (postganglionic)
    • Parasympathetic: acetylcholine (preganglionic), acetylcholine/muscarinic receptors (postganglionic)

    ANS Divisions Have Antagonistic Effects

    • Sympathetic: more active when body energy stores need to be used ("fight or flight")
    • Parasympathetic: more active when body energy stores are being conserved/restored ("rest and digest")

    The ANS Activity

    • Both divisions are always active, though one is typically more active
    • Overall effect depends on which division is more active (sympathetic versus parasympathetic)

    ANS Summary

    • A major source of integration in the body
    • Used to regulate and coordinate the majority of organ systems
    • Extensive feedback loops maintain body homeostasis

    Pressures on Nervous System Development

    • Nervous systems in all animals are designed for optimum functioning.
    • Nervous system organization in invertebrates and vertebrates reflects differences in lifestyle and habitat.
    • Aquatic vs. terrestrial organisms present different pressures on the development of the nervous system.

    Nervous System Evolution in Animals

    • Evolution patterns demonstrate a diverse range of nervous system complexity from simple nerve nets in cnidarians to centralized brains in vertebrates.
    • Key features like cephalization (concentration of ganglia in a head region) and the emergence of specialized structures (like brain and spinal cord) highlight evolution.

    Nervous System Evolution in Chordates

    • Brain regions are conserved and modified in different chordate lineages
    • Selective pressure influences the relative size and complexity of brain regions to meet the environmental demands of different species.

    The Mammalian Nervous System

    • Mammalian nervous systems display extreme complexity.
    • Brain regions show increasing folding, leading to increased surface area and more synaptic connections.
    • This correlates with the more complex behavior/physiology of mammals.

    Development of the Human Brain

    • Embryonic period of the brain, different regions of the brain develop from different regions of the embryonic brain.
    • Regions developed have specific functions in the adult brain.

    An Example of Complexity

    The mammalian nervous system is divided into functional regions.

    Functional Divisions of the Vertebrate Nervous System

    • Nervous systems of vertebrates have both central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) systems
    • Input to the CNS and output from the CNS are via afferent and efferent systems, respectively.
    • Somatic and autonomic systems constitute the efferent system
    • Somatic involves skeletal muscles.
    • Autonomic involves smooth muscles, glands, and heart.

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    Related Documents

    Lecture 9: Post-Synaptic Electrophysiology, The ANS, & Evolution of Nervous Systems PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on post-synaptic electrophysiology with this quiz. Explore the concepts of post-synaptic potentials (PSPs), graded potentials, and the role of ion channels. Understand how neurotransmitters influence neuronal signaling and the implications of excitatory and inhibitory potentials.

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