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Questions and Answers
What percentage of lung tidal volume may be reduced depending on the incision site?
What percentage of lung tidal volume may be reduced depending on the incision site?
What is a common complication of anesthesia?
What is a common complication of anesthesia?
What is a type of drain that may be used in gall bladder surgery?
What is a type of drain that may be used in gall bladder surgery?
What is a type of complication that may occur in head and neck, breast, genito-urinary or bowel surgery?
What is a type of complication that may occur in head and neck, breast, genito-urinary or bowel surgery?
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What is a type of post-operative complication?
What is a type of post-operative complication?
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What type of therapy may be required after orthopedic surgery?
What type of therapy may be required after orthopedic surgery?
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What is a predisposing factor for post-operative complications?
What is a predisposing factor for post-operative complications?
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How long may a patient need to stay in the CCU after cardiac surgery?
How long may a patient need to stay in the CCU after cardiac surgery?
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What is a predisposing factor for atelectasis in postoperative patients?
What is a predisposing factor for atelectasis in postoperative patients?
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What is the usual form of chest infection seen in surgical patients?
What is the usual form of chest infection seen in surgical patients?
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What is the key to treating arrhythmias in surgical patients?
What is the key to treating arrhythmias in surgical patients?
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What is a complication of local anesthesia?
What is a complication of local anesthesia?
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What is the leading cause of death in surgical patients?
What is the leading cause of death in surgical patients?
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What is the characteristic of the sputum in bronchopneumonia?
What is the characteristic of the sputum in bronchopneumonia?
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What is the treatment for severe cases of diffuse atelectasis?
What is the treatment for severe cases of diffuse atelectasis?
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What is the key to preventing cardiac complications in surgical patients?
What is the key to preventing cardiac complications in surgical patients?
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What is a characteristic presentation of clostridial myonecrosis?
What is a characteristic presentation of clostridial myonecrosis?
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What is a common presentation of superficial site infection (SSI)?
What is a common presentation of superficial site infection (SSI)?
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What is a predisposing factor for impaired wound healing?
What is a predisposing factor for impaired wound healing?
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What is a characteristic of necrotizing fasciitis?
What is a characteristic of necrotizing fasciitis?
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What is a late infective complication of surgery?
What is a late infective complication of surgery?
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What is a common feature of wound cellulitis and abscess?
What is a common feature of wound cellulitis and abscess?
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What is the cause of late postoperative hemorrhage?
What is the cause of late postoperative hemorrhage?
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What is the complication of general anesthesia that can lead to cardiovascular collapse?
What is the complication of general anesthesia that can lead to cardiovascular collapse?
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What is the name given to hemorrhage that occurs during an operation?
What is the name given to hemorrhage that occurs during an operation?
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What is the name given to the hemorrhage that occurs immediately after an operation?
What is the name given to the hemorrhage that occurs immediately after an operation?
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What is the systemic effect of local anaesthetic agent?
What is the systemic effect of local anaesthetic agent?
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What is the complication of spinal, epidural, and caudal anaesthesia?
What is the complication of spinal, epidural, and caudal anaesthesia?
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What is the main complication of any operation?
What is the main complication of any operation?
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What is the treatment for late postoperative hemorrhage?
What is the treatment for late postoperative hemorrhage?
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Study Notes
Classifications of Complications
- Complications can be classified according to the time of occurrence: immediate (1st 24 hours), early (1st week), late (1st month), and long-term (after 1 month)
- Complications can also be classified as general (applying to any surgery) or specific (related to a specific surgery)
Pulmonary Complications
- Respiratory complications can occur postoperatively, including reduced lung tidal volume and reduced lung expansion
- Atelectasis is a common complication, characterized by shallow ventilation, loss of periodic hyperinflation, and inhibition of coughing
- Treatment for atelectasis includes deep breathing exercises, regular posture adjustments, and vigorous coughing
- Pneumonias are also common postoperative complications, characterized by pyrexia, tachypnoea, and tachycardia
- Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome is a severe complication, characterized by rapid, shallow breathing, severe hypoxaemia, and stiff lungs
Cardiac Complications
- Cardiac complications can occur postoperatively, including ischemia/infarction, hypertension, and arrhythmias
- Ischemia/infarction is the leading cause of death in surgical patients
- Hypertension is a key complication, and prevention is key to treatment
- Arrhythmias can occur, characterized by abnormal cardiac activity
Anesthesia Complications
- Local anesthesia complications include injection site pain, haematoma, and systemic effects of local anaesthetic agents
- Spinal, epidural, and caudal anesthesia complications include technical failure, headache, intrathecal bleeding, and systemic complications
- General anesthesia complications include direct trauma to mouth or pharynx, allergic reactions, and cardiovascular collapse
General Complications of Operations
- Hemorrhage is a major complication of any operation
- Infection is another common complication, including superficial site infection (SSI) and deep infection
- Delayed wound healing, surgical damage to related structures, and inadvertent trauma to the patient are also common complications
- Thermal regulation, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, renal, cardiovascular, neurological, and circulatory complications can also occur
Hemorrhage
- Intraoperative hemorrhage occurs during an operation and should be controlled by the surgeon
- Early postoperative hemorrhage occurs during the immediate postoperative period and indicates inadequate operative hemostasis
- Late postoperative hemorrhage occurs several days after operation and is usually related to infection
Wound Infection
- Superficial site infection (SSI) presents with erythema, tenderness, and drainage
- Deep infection (involving the fascia/muscle) presents with SIRS symptoms
- Group A β-hemolytic streptococcal gangrene, clostridial myonecrosis, and necrotizing fasciitis are severe wound infections
- Wound cellulitis and abscess present with pyrexia and cellulitis or abscess formation
- Late infective complications include chronically discharging wound sinus
Impaired Healing
- Factors retarding wound healing include arterial insufficiency, excess suture tension, long-term steroid therapy, immunosuppressive therapy, previous radiotherapy, severe rheumatoid disease, malnutrition, and vitamin deficiencies
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Description
This lecture covers the recognition and identification of post-operative complications, including pulmonary, circulatory, and hemorrhage-related problems, as well as the prevention of pressure sores. Students will learn to classify complications according to their time of occurrence.
