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What percentage of lung tidal volume may be reduced depending on the incision site?
What is a common complication of anesthesia?
What is a type of drain that may be used in gall bladder surgery?
What is a type of complication that may occur in head and neck, breast, genito-urinary or bowel surgery?
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What is a type of post-operative complication?
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What type of therapy may be required after orthopedic surgery?
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What is a predisposing factor for post-operative complications?
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How long may a patient need to stay in the CCU after cardiac surgery?
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What is a predisposing factor for atelectasis in postoperative patients?
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What is the usual form of chest infection seen in surgical patients?
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What is the key to treating arrhythmias in surgical patients?
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What is a complication of local anesthesia?
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What is the leading cause of death in surgical patients?
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What is the characteristic of the sputum in bronchopneumonia?
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What is the treatment for severe cases of diffuse atelectasis?
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What is the key to preventing cardiac complications in surgical patients?
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What is a characteristic presentation of clostridial myonecrosis?
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What is a common presentation of superficial site infection (SSI)?
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What is a predisposing factor for impaired wound healing?
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What is a characteristic of necrotizing fasciitis?
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What is a late infective complication of surgery?
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What is a common feature of wound cellulitis and abscess?
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What is the cause of late postoperative hemorrhage?
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What is the complication of general anesthesia that can lead to cardiovascular collapse?
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What is the name given to hemorrhage that occurs during an operation?
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What is the name given to the hemorrhage that occurs immediately after an operation?
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What is the systemic effect of local anaesthetic agent?
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What is the complication of spinal, epidural, and caudal anaesthesia?
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What is the main complication of any operation?
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What is the treatment for late postoperative hemorrhage?
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Study Notes
Classifications of Complications
- Complications can be classified according to the time of occurrence: immediate (1st 24 hours), early (1st week), late (1st month), and long-term (after 1 month)
- Complications can also be classified as general (applying to any surgery) or specific (related to a specific surgery)
Pulmonary Complications
- Respiratory complications can occur postoperatively, including reduced lung tidal volume and reduced lung expansion
- Atelectasis is a common complication, characterized by shallow ventilation, loss of periodic hyperinflation, and inhibition of coughing
- Treatment for atelectasis includes deep breathing exercises, regular posture adjustments, and vigorous coughing
- Pneumonias are also common postoperative complications, characterized by pyrexia, tachypnoea, and tachycardia
- Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome is a severe complication, characterized by rapid, shallow breathing, severe hypoxaemia, and stiff lungs
Cardiac Complications
- Cardiac complications can occur postoperatively, including ischemia/infarction, hypertension, and arrhythmias
- Ischemia/infarction is the leading cause of death in surgical patients
- Hypertension is a key complication, and prevention is key to treatment
- Arrhythmias can occur, characterized by abnormal cardiac activity
Anesthesia Complications
- Local anesthesia complications include injection site pain, haematoma, and systemic effects of local anaesthetic agents
- Spinal, epidural, and caudal anesthesia complications include technical failure, headache, intrathecal bleeding, and systemic complications
- General anesthesia complications include direct trauma to mouth or pharynx, allergic reactions, and cardiovascular collapse
General Complications of Operations
- Hemorrhage is a major complication of any operation
- Infection is another common complication, including superficial site infection (SSI) and deep infection
- Delayed wound healing, surgical damage to related structures, and inadvertent trauma to the patient are also common complications
- Thermal regulation, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, renal, cardiovascular, neurological, and circulatory complications can also occur
Hemorrhage
- Intraoperative hemorrhage occurs during an operation and should be controlled by the surgeon
- Early postoperative hemorrhage occurs during the immediate postoperative period and indicates inadequate operative hemostasis
- Late postoperative hemorrhage occurs several days after operation and is usually related to infection
Wound Infection
- Superficial site infection (SSI) presents with erythema, tenderness, and drainage
- Deep infection (involving the fascia/muscle) presents with SIRS symptoms
- Group A β-hemolytic streptococcal gangrene, clostridial myonecrosis, and necrotizing fasciitis are severe wound infections
- Wound cellulitis and abscess present with pyrexia and cellulitis or abscess formation
- Late infective complications include chronically discharging wound sinus
Impaired Healing
- Factors retarding wound healing include arterial insufficiency, excess suture tension, long-term steroid therapy, immunosuppressive therapy, previous radiotherapy, severe rheumatoid disease, malnutrition, and vitamin deficiencies
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Description
This lecture covers the recognition and identification of post-operative complications, including pulmonary, circulatory, and hemorrhage-related problems, as well as the prevention of pressure sores. Students will learn to classify complications according to their time of occurrence.
