39 Questions
Which term refers to the regulation of internal conditions inside cells/organisms to maintain stability and optimal survival?
Homeostasis
What was the term coined by Walter Bradford Cannon in 1926 to describe the concept of internal environment regulation?
Homeostasis
In the context of biological systems, what is responsible for executing the response to maintain homeostasis?
Effector
Which term refers to a stable equilibrium achieved by biological systems resisting external changes?
Ecosystem
What is the term used to describe the concept of mutual cooperation among cells, tissues, organs, and systems in an organism's body?
Biocenosis
What is the term for a group of individuals of the same species, living in a geographic area, in the same region and time, and capable of interbreeding?
Population
Which element of the regulation system receives information about changes in the environment, either internal or external?
Receptor
What is the term used to describe the development and change of an ecosystem over time, involving directional and predictable community processes?
Succession
Which process involves the system's response aimed at amplifying the change in a variable?
Positive Feedback
What term refers to the branch of biology concerned with the relationship between organisms, food chains, and their environment?
Ecosystem
What are the three elements involved in homeostatic regulation?
Sensory receptor, control centre, effector
In a closed control system, what is the direction of information flow between the control system and the controlled system?
Bidirectional - from control system to controlled system and back
Which element receives and processes information from the receptor in homeostatic regulation?
Integration centre or comparator
What is the role of the effector in homeostasis?
Carry out actions to restore proper functions based on signals from the control centre
What is the main purpose of a sensory receptor in homeostatic regulation?
To transmit information to the integration centre
What is the main function of an effector in a feedback loop system?
Restoring and maintaining homeostasis by responding to commands
In a closed control system, what does the comparator (Σ) do?
Compares the variable value with the set level of regulation
What type of system maintains the set value regardless of environmental factors?
Closed control system
Which component in a feedback loop triggers an appropriate action based on error signals?
Effector
What is the main purpose of a disturbance comparator in a control system?
Comparing the variable value with the set level of regulation
Which systems mediate all integration processes and coordination of functions in the human body?
The nervous system
Which type of transmission involves processing and transfer of information through hormones?
Analog transmission
What is the function of receptors in the human body?
Receive and process changes in the external and internal environment
In the example provided regarding the duodenum's influence on the pancreas, what is the stimulus for the process?
Stimulus of sweet food contents in the duodenum
Which part of the body acts as a signal generator for transmitting chemical compounds to other organs?
The endocrine gland
What is the term used to describe the mechanism that leads to the destruction of a system due to an avalanche reaction caused by an increasing deviation?
Unstable control system
Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback mechanism in the human body?
Blood clotting
In pathological conditions, what may negative feedback be converted into, leading to disruptions in homeostasis?
Positive feedback
What type of regulation usually leads to system instability and can result in the destruction of the system?
Positive feedback
Which physiological state rarely utilizes regulation based on positive feedback, and if it works, only works for a short period of time?
Nervous system
What is the role of the effector in a negative feedback loop?
Minimizing the error signal by reversing the direction of change
How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback in terms of system response?
Negative feedback destabilizes the system.
What occurs when an error signal is observed in a system with positive feedback?
The system amplifies the change in the variable.
In a negative feedback loop, what is the regulated signal responsible for?
Maintaining constant conditions
How does negative feedback contribute to maintaining homeostasis?
By minimizing the error signal and keeping things constant
Which type of feedback loop tends to keep things constant and allows for homeostasis?
Negative feedback
What happens when body temperature rises in terms of thermoregulation?
Receptors trigger a decrease in body temperature
Which part of a biological system executes responses such as increasing lung activity to expel more carbon dioxide?
Effector
What is one example provided of a system that utilizes negative feedback?
Thermoregulation mechanism in response to fluctuating body temperature
Study Notes
Homeostasis and Regulation
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The human body maintains its individuality as a biological unit due to the mutual cooperation of cells, tissues, organs, and systems, and appropriate regulatory mechanisms, despite significant environmental fluctuations.
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Metabolic processes can only occur in specific physical and chemical environments, and every organism needs a constant composition of the "internal environment" to function optimally.
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The internal environment is maintained by many regulatory mechanisms, which were first described by Claude Bernard in 1865, and later termed "homeostasis" by Walter Bradford Cannon in 1926.
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Homeostasis is a self-regulating process that maintains stability while adjusting to optimal conditions for survival, and involves the regulation of internal conditions inside cells and organisms.
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The body tends to maintain a constant internal environment, seeking a dynamic equilibrium, and it tends to reach a steady-state, a balance that resists outside forces of change.
Regulatory Mechanisms
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Regulatory mechanisms involve information flow, including unidirectional information flow (open control system) and feedback signals (closed control system).
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The control process involves three elements: the sensory receptor or detector, the control centre (integration centre or comparator), and the effector (effector organ(s)).
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The receptor receives information, which is then transmitted to the integration centre, processed, and sent to the effector organs to respond to changes.
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Homeostatic regulation involves negative feedback, which reverses the direction of change, and positive feedback, which amplifies the change in the variable.
Feedback Loops
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Negative feedback loops tend to minimize the error signal, maintaining homeostasis, whereas positive feedback loops tend to increase the error signal, leading to instability.
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Examples of negative feedback include thermoregulation, where the body responds to changes in temperature, and the regulation of carbon dioxide levels in the body.
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Examples of positive feedback include blood clotting, activation of zymogens in the digestive tract, and events in childbirth, which are often seen in pathological states.
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Unstable control systems based on positive feedback can lead to system instability and destruction.
Ecology and Environment
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Ecology is the branch of biology concerned with the relationship between an organism or a group of organisms and their environment, including biotic and abiotic components.
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The concept of ecology was introduced by Ernst Haeckel in 1866, and emphasizes the influence of organisms on their environment.
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Ecological concepts include population, ontocenosis, and succession, which describe the development and change of ecosystems over time.
Explore the concepts of positive and negative feedback in naturally occurring systems. Learn about the applications and significance of sustainable systems with a combination of both types of feedback mechanisms. Understand the rare occurrence and short-term effectiveness of positive feedback regulation in human physiological states.
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