Podcast
Questions and Answers
Life expectancy has doubled in most developed countries over the last 200 years.
Life expectancy has doubled in most developed countries over the last 200 years.
True
The proportion of people aged 60 years and older is expected to decrease from 12% to 22% by 2050.
The proportion of people aged 60 years and older is expected to decrease from 12% to 22% by 2050.
False
According to estimations, the number of people aged 80 years and older will reach 426 million by 2050.
According to estimations, the number of people aged 80 years and older will reach 426 million by 2050.
True
The proportion of people aged 100 years or older is projected to double by 2050.
The proportion of people aged 100 years or older is projected to double by 2050.
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Health-related quality of life is not a topic discussed in positive aging lectures.
Health-related quality of life is not a topic discussed in positive aging lectures.
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The average human life expectancy has increased by more than two years every decade in developed countries.
The average human life expectancy has increased by more than two years every decade in developed countries.
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By 2050, the proportion of people aged 60 years and older is expected to decrease significantly.
By 2050, the proportion of people aged 60 years and older is expected to decrease significantly.
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Future estimations suggest that the number of individuals aged 80 years and older will reach approximately 426 million by 2050.
Future estimations suggest that the number of individuals aged 80 years and older will reach approximately 426 million by 2050.
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Health interventions for older adults have no benefits in maintaining their quality of life.
Health interventions for older adults have no benefits in maintaining their quality of life.
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By the year 2040, the population of individuals aged 65 years and older in Europe is expected to reach 90 million.
By the year 2040, the population of individuals aged 65 years and older in Europe is expected to reach 90 million.
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The average human life expectancy has increased by $2$ years every decade in most developed countries.
The average human life expectancy has increased by $2$ years every decade in most developed countries.
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By the year 2050, it is estimated that the proportion of individuals aged 60 years and older will drop to $10 rac{1}{2} ext{%}$.
By the year 2050, it is estimated that the proportion of individuals aged 60 years and older will drop to $10 rac{1}{2} ext{%}$.
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The population aged 100 years and older is expected to quadruple by the year 2050.
The population aged 100 years and older is expected to quadruple by the year 2050.
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Health-related quality of life is not considered significant in discussions about aging.
Health-related quality of life is not considered significant in discussions about aging.
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The number of individuals aged 80 years and older is expected to add up to approximately $426$ million by the year 2040.
The number of individuals aged 80 years and older is expected to add up to approximately $426$ million by the year 2040.
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The average human life expectancy has remained unchanged over the last 200 years.
The average human life expectancy has remained unchanged over the last 200 years.
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By 2050, it is projected that the proportion of people aged 80 years and older will triple to reach approximately 426 million.
By 2050, it is projected that the proportion of people aged 80 years and older will triple to reach approximately 426 million.
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Health promotion and physical activity are deemed irrelevant to maintaining functionality in older adults.
Health promotion and physical activity are deemed irrelevant to maintaining functionality in older adults.
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The population aged 100 years and older is projected to multiply by three times by the year 2050.
The population aged 100 years and older is projected to multiply by three times by the year 2050.
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There is no significant health-related quality of life improvement discussed for older adults.
There is no significant health-related quality of life improvement discussed for older adults.
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Study Notes
Positive Aging: Promoting Health and Well-being in Older People
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Learning Outcomes:
- Describe health-related quality of life.
- Discuss health promotion priorities for older adults.
- Discuss health interventions for older adults and associated benefits.
- Evaluate the role of factors (e.g., health promotion, physical activity) in maintaining function.
Why is Positive Aging Important?
- Life expectancy has doubled in developed countries over the past 200 years.
- This increase in lifespan leads to a large ageing population.
Life Expectancy Changes
- Average human life expectancy has doubled in most developed countries over the last 200 years.
- Life expectancy increases by around two years every ten years (Oeppen and Vaupel, 2002).
Future Life Expectancy Estimations
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WHO:
- Proportion of people aged 60+ will double from 12%-22% (approx. 2.1 billion) by 2050-2050.
- Proportion of people aged 80+ will triple to 426 million.
- Proportion of people aged 100+ will quadruple.
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EU:
- By 2040, there will be 90 million people aged 65+ in the EU.
- By 2040, there will be 80 million people 16 years old and younger in the EU.
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Ireland:
- In 2020, 637,000 people were aged 65+ in Ireland.
- In 2020, 150,000 people were aged 80+ in Ireland.
- In 2036, projected to have 1 million+ people aged 65+.
- In 2050, projected to have 1.5 million+ people aged 80+.
Why Does Positive Aging Matter?
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Factors:
- Better health care & Immunisation
- Better home care and hygiene
- Better lifestyle (quality of food and water)
- Human labor to output ratio
- Health care provisions resources
- Retirement age (recently proposed removal of mandatory retirement age 65 in Ireland)
Definition of Aging
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Biological Aging: A progressive decline in intrinsic physiological function, leading to increase in age-specific mortality rate and decrease in reproductive rate.
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Positive Aging: Avoidance of disease and disability, maintenance/high physical and cognitive functions, and sustained engagement in social and productive activities.
Important Diseases to Older Adults
- Type II diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, COPD, and Chronic comorbidity.
- Dementia (Alzheimer's Disease, Vascular Dementia, Fronto-temporal Dementia), Mild cognitive impairment, and Acute cerebrovascular incidents.
- Low social engagement, loneliness, depression, and other mental health conditions.
- Arthritis, Osteoporosis, and Sarcopenia.
Positive Aging Prevalence
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McLaughlin et al (2010) - Health and Retirement Study:
- Successful aging seen in 11% of adults aged over 65 in the US.
- Associated with education, income, and wealth.
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HANK (2011) – SHARE study:
- Representative of the non-institutionalized population aged >50 in European countries and Israel.
- Successful aging was found in 9% of those aged over 65, associated with education, income and wealth
Factors Affecting Biological Age vs Chronological Age
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Large Inter Individual Variation:
- Differences exists between people and their aging process.
- Biological age measures associate with poorer health ratings, increased risk of chronic diseases, increased risk of mortality, stroke, TIA, and potential development of disabilities.
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Chronological vs Biological Age:
- Chronological age is time passed since birth.
- Biological age is age-dependent (progressive decline in intrinsic physiological function).
Interventions for Preventing Falls/ Promoting Physical Health
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Examples
- Promotion of physical activity.
- Balance exercises, improving strength exercises, flexibility, aerobic fitness, and multi-type exercises.
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Other recommended reading/ research
- Sherrington et al (2019), Windle et al (2010).
Health Promotion Strategies and Priorities
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Defining health promotion:
- Enabling people to increase control over and improve their health.
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National Positive Aging Strategy:
- Objective 2.1: Prevent and reduce disability, chronic disease, and premature mortality as people age, through supporting the development and implementation of policies that reduce associated lifestyle factors
- Objective 2.1.1: Health Education, promotion and prevention throughout the lifecycle.
Priorities
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Focus on:
- Smoking, Excessive alcohol consumption, Poor Diet, Loneliness, Poor Quality of Sleep, and Sedentary lifestyle.
Target Audience for Health Promotion
- Everyone
Health Promotion Implementation Levels
- Policy level (government, organizations)
- Community level (local communities)
- Family level
- Individual level
Modifiable Factors and Interventions
- Discuss modifiable factors, approaches (e.g. smoking cessation, alcohol reduction), and different intervention levels (policy, community, home, individual).
Health Interventions for Older Adults
- Common interventions: Fall prevention, physical activity promotion, influenza vaccination, and public support for informal care.
Summary:
- Positive aging targets the avoidance of disease/disability, alongside maintaining high levels of physical, cognitive, and social functioning.
- Promoting health interventions including sleep, balanced diet, physical exercise plays a crucial role.
- Effective health interventions in older people are linked to lifestyle.
- Blue Zones examples demonstrate the correlation between lifestyle and longevity in specific geographic areas.
- Understanding genetic and environmental factors is paramount.
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Description
Explore the importance of positive aging and its impact on health-related quality of life among older adults. This quiz covers key health promotion strategies and interventions aimed at enhancing the well-being of the aging population. Evaluate factors that influence functional maintenance in older adults.
