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Questions and Answers
What happens to the efficient frontier when the correlation between two assets in a portfolio is reduced?
What happens to the efficient frontier when the correlation between two assets in a portfolio is reduced?
What determines the optimal portfolio for an individual investor?
What determines the optimal portfolio for an individual investor?
According to the CAPM, what is the rational investor's optimal portfolio?
According to the CAPM, what is the rational investor's optimal portfolio?
What happens to the efficient frontier when the expected volatility of an asset changes?
What happens to the efficient frontier when the expected volatility of an asset changes?
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Why does reducing correlation between assets in a portfolio reduce risk?
Why does reducing correlation between assets in a portfolio reduce risk?
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What is the relationship between an investor's utility curve and their optimal portfolio?
What is the relationship between an investor's utility curve and their optimal portfolio?
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What is the effect of a change in return expectations on the efficient frontier?
What is the effect of a change in return expectations on the efficient frontier?
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What is the characteristic of the optimal portfolio according to the CAPM?
What is the characteristic of the optimal portfolio according to the CAPM?
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What are the required inputs for the model?
What are the required inputs for the model?
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When does diversification provide benefits?
When does diversification provide benefits?
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What does the efficient frontier represent?
What does the efficient frontier represent?
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Which portfolio is most likely to lie on the efficient frontier?
Which portfolio is most likely to lie on the efficient frontier?
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Why can Portfolio C not lie on the efficient frontier?
Why can Portfolio C not lie on the efficient frontier?
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What is the main benefit of diversification?
What is the main benefit of diversification?
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What is the relationship between risk and return?
What is the relationship between risk and return?
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What is the purpose of the efficient frontier?
What is the purpose of the efficient frontier?
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Which of the following portfolios lies on the efficient frontier?
Which of the following portfolios lies on the efficient frontier?
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What is the formula to calculate the covariance between two stocks?
What is the formula to calculate the covariance between two stocks?
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What is the benefit of diversification when the correlation between two stocks is less than +1?
What is the benefit of diversification when the correlation between two stocks is less than +1?
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What does a correlation coefficient of zero imply?
What does a correlation coefficient of zero imply?
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What is the characteristic of a portfolio that plots above the efficient frontier?
What is the characteristic of a portfolio that plots above the efficient frontier?
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What is the characteristic of a portfolio that plots below the efficient frontier?
What is the characteristic of a portfolio that plots below the efficient frontier?
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What does a correlation coefficient of -1 imply?
What does a correlation coefficient of -1 imply?
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What is the formula to calculate the correlation coefficient between two assets?
What is the formula to calculate the correlation coefficient between two assets?
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If the covariance between the market's returns and a stock's returns is 0.008, what can be said about the relationship between the two?
If the covariance between the market's returns and a stock's returns is 0.008, what can be said about the relationship between the two?
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What is the condition to construct a zero variance portfolio?
What is the condition to construct a zero variance portfolio?
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What is the effect of adding a security with a positive covariance to a portfolio?
What is the effect of adding a security with a positive covariance to a portfolio?
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What is the formula for calculating the correlation coefficient between two assets?
What is the formula for calculating the correlation coefficient between two assets?
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What is the range of the correlation coefficient?
What is the range of the correlation coefficient?
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An investor's portfolio has an expected return of 10% with a variance of 0.01. If the covariance between the portfolio and a new security is 0.005, what will be the effect on the portfolio's variance?
An investor's portfolio has an expected return of 10% with a variance of 0.01. If the covariance between the portfolio and a new security is 0.005, what will be the effect on the portfolio's variance?
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What is the condition for a stock to reduce the risk of a portfolio?
What is the condition for a stock to reduce the risk of a portfolio?
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What is the relationship between the covariance and the correlation coefficient?
What is the relationship between the covariance and the correlation coefficient?
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What is the characteristic of the indifference curves for investors who are less risk averse?
What is the characteristic of the indifference curves for investors who are less risk averse?
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A portfolio has an expected return of 12% with a variance of 0.02. If a security is added to the portfolio with a covariance of 0.007, what will be the effect on the portfolio's expected return?
A portfolio has an expected return of 12% with a variance of 0.02. If a security is added to the portfolio with a covariance of 0.007, what will be the effect on the portfolio's expected return?
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What is the expected standard deviation of returns for Asset X?
What is the expected standard deviation of returns for Asset X?
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What is the effect of adding a security with a negative covariance to a portfolio?
What is the effect of adding a security with a negative covariance to a portfolio?
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What is the percentage of the portfolio invested in Asset X?
What is the percentage of the portfolio invested in Asset X?
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What is the formula for calculating the portfolio standard deviation?
What is the formula for calculating the portfolio standard deviation?
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What is the characteristic of indifference curves for investors who are more risk averse?
What is the characteristic of indifference curves for investors who are more risk averse?
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What is the expected standard deviation of returns for Asset Y?
What is the expected standard deviation of returns for Asset Y?
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Study Notes
Portfolio Management
- Reducing correlation between two assets in a portfolio moves the efficient frontier to the left, possibly slightly upward, reflecting the influence of correlation on reducing portfolio risk.
- The efficient frontier is stable unless return expectations change or asset volatility changes.
Investor's Optimal Portfolio
- The optimal portfolio for an investor is the highest indifference curve that is tangent to the efficient frontier, giving the investor the greatest possible utility.
- The individual's utility curve determines the optimal portfolio.
CAPM and Investor's Choice
- A rational investor would be least likely to choose a 130% allocation to the market portfolio as their optimal portfolio.
- The CAPM requires investors to know the expected return and variance of each security as well as the covariance between all securities.
Diversification Benefits
- There are benefits to diversification as long as the correlation coefficient between assets is less than 1.
- Diversification reduces risk, and the benefits increase as the correlation coefficient decreases.
Efficient Frontier
- The efficient frontier represents the set of portfolios that dominate all others in terms of risk and return.
- The efficient frontier is the set of portfolios with the highest expected return at each level of risk.
Portfolio Construction
- A portfolio with a higher return than a similar portfolio with the same risk cannot lie on the efficient frontier.
- A portfolio with a lower return than a similar portfolio with the same risk cannot lie on the efficient frontier.
Correlation and Covariance
- Correlation coefficient measures the relationship between two assets, ranging from -1 (perfect negative correlation) to 1 (perfect positive correlation).
- Covariance measures the extent to which two assets move together, calculated as the product of their standard deviations and correlation coefficient.
Calculations and Formulas
- Covariance formula: CovA,B = (rA,B) × (SDA) × (SDB)
- Correlation coefficient formula: rA,B = CovA,B / (SDA × SDB)
Risk Reduction and Diversification
- Adding a stock to a portfolio will reduce the risk of the portfolio if the correlation coefficient is less than +1.
- Diversification reduces risk and increases return, making it a key concept in portfolio management.
Investor Risk Aversion
- Investors who are less risk averse have flatter indifference curves, willing to take on more risk for a slightly higher return.
- Investors who are more risk averse require a much higher return to accept more risk, producing steeper indifference curves.
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Description
This quiz assesses your understanding of the efficient frontier in a two-asset portfolio, specifically how correlation between assets affects the frontier. Test your knowledge of portfolio management and risk-return relationships.