Population Medicine Study Designs

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What is the key difference between prevalence and incidence?

Prevalence is the average duration of a given condition, while incidence is how long a disease lasts on average.

Prevalence is used for chronic diseases, while incidence is used for diseases of short duration. (correct)

Prevalence measures the likelihood of contracting a disease, while incidence measures the rate of disease in a population.

Prevalence is greater than incidence for chronic diseases.

How are prevalence and incidence used to calculate risk?

Through measuring the likelihood of contracting a disease.

Using the duration of a given condition.

By comparing the frequencies of factors in a population.

Risk is calculated from the incidence rate. (correct)

What distinguishes analytic study designs from descriptive study designs?

Analytic studies focus on hypothesis testing, while descriptive studies are hypothesis generating.

Analytic studies compare groups of subjects and analyze the associations between exposures and outcomes, while descriptive studies only measure frequencies of factors in a population. (correct)

Analytic studies do not involve comparison groups, unlike descriptive studies.

Analytic studies measure the frequencies of factors in a population, while descriptive studies assess associations between exposures and outcomes.

In what type of diseases is prevalence approximately equal to incidence?

Diseases with short durations like the common cold Signup and view all the answers

How is morbidity defined in epidemiology?

As the rate of disease in a population measured in terms of prevalence and incidence rates Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between hypothesis generating and hypothesis testing in study designs?

Hypothesis generating studies are descriptive, while hypothesis testing studies are analytic. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for stating that there is an effect or difference when none exists?

Type I error Signup and view all the answers

Which error in statistical hypothesis testing involves stating that there is no effect or difference when one actually exists?

Type II error Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct interpretation of the significance level α in statistical hypothesis testing?

Probability of a Type I error Signup and view all the answers

In statistical hypothesis testing, what does β represent?

Probability of a Type II error Signup and view all the answers

What does prevalence measure in a sample group?

Number of people with a condition at a certain point in time Signup and view all the answers

How is incidence defined in epidemiology?

Number of people newly acquiring a condition in a given period Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the document mentioned?

Study Designs Signup and view all the answers

What does the null hypothesis (H0) suggest?

There is no difference or association between two or more variables. Signup and view all the answers

What does the alternative hypothesis (H1) suggest?

There is a significant difference between two or more variables. Signup and view all the answers

Where can one find detailed explanation of study designs according to the document?

'Study Designs' written by batch 2025 Signup and view all the answers

In statistical hypothesis testing, what is assumed about the null hypothesis (H0)?

It is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it's true. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the importance of study designs in clinical research?

'Study Designs' have significance due to their recurrent appearance marking their importance. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study involves reporting an individual case without determining who gets the intervention?

Case series Signup and view all the answers

What type of study aggregates data across countries to observe differences between populations?

Cross-sectional ecologic study Signup and view all the answers

Which descriptive study identifies patterns in disease occurrence based on person, place, and time variables?

Cross-sectional ecologic study Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of a case-control study?

Association between exposure and outcome Signup and view all the answers

Which study design uses already available databases with efficient allocation of resources?

Descriptive epidemiologic study Signup and view all the answers

In epidemiology, which study type is considered the initial point for discovering new diseases and treatments?

Case report Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of cross-sectional studies?

To measure outcome and exposure status simultaneously in a given population Signup and view all the answers

Which study design compares individuals with a specific disease to individuals without the disease?

Case-control study Signup and view all the answers

In which type of study are outcome and exposure status measured simultaneously?

Cross-sectional study Signup and view all the answers

What type of question does a cross-sectional study typically aim to answer?

'Is this test sensitive and specific in diagnosing a disease?' Signup and view all the answers

Which study design is primarily focused on hypothesis testing using comparator groups?