Population Medicine Study Designs

30 Questions

What is the key difference between prevalence and incidence?

Prevalence is used for chronic diseases, while incidence is used for diseases of short duration.

How are prevalence and incidence used to calculate risk?

Risk is calculated from the incidence rate.

What distinguishes analytic study designs from descriptive study designs?

Analytic studies compare groups of subjects and analyze the associations between exposures and outcomes, while descriptive studies only measure frequencies of factors in a population.

In what type of diseases is prevalence approximately equal to incidence?

Diseases with short durations like the common cold

How is morbidity defined in epidemiology?

As the rate of disease in a population measured in terms of prevalence and incidence rates

What is the primary difference between hypothesis generating and hypothesis testing in study designs?

Hypothesis generating studies are descriptive, while hypothesis testing studies are analytic.

What is the term for stating that there is an effect or difference when none exists?

Type I error

Which error in statistical hypothesis testing involves stating that there is no effect or difference when one actually exists?

Type II error

What is the correct interpretation of the significance level α in statistical hypothesis testing?

Probability of a Type I error

In statistical hypothesis testing, what does β represent?

Probability of a Type II error

What does prevalence measure in a sample group?

Number of people with a condition at a certain point in time

How is incidence defined in epidemiology?

Number of people newly acquiring a condition in a given period

What is the main focus of the document mentioned?

Study Designs

What does the null hypothesis (H0) suggest?

There is no difference or association between two or more variables.

What does the alternative hypothesis (H1) suggest?

There is a significant difference between two or more variables.

Where can one find detailed explanation of study designs according to the document?

'Study Designs' written by batch 2025

In statistical hypothesis testing, what is assumed about the null hypothesis (H0)?

It is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it's true.

Which statement best describes the importance of study designs in clinical research?

'Study Designs' have significance due to their recurrent appearance marking their importance.

Which type of study involves reporting an individual case without determining who gets the intervention?

Case series

What type of study aggregates data across countries to observe differences between populations?

Cross-sectional ecologic study

Which descriptive study identifies patterns in disease occurrence based on person, place, and time variables?

Cross-sectional ecologic study

What is the primary focus of a case-control study?

Association between exposure and outcome

Which study design uses already available databases with efficient allocation of resources?

Descriptive epidemiologic study

In epidemiology, which study type is considered the initial point for discovering new diseases and treatments?

Case report

What is the primary purpose of cross-sectional studies?

To measure outcome and exposure status simultaneously in a given population

Which study design compares individuals with a specific disease to individuals without the disease?

Case-control study

In which type of study are outcome and exposure status measured simultaneously?

Cross-sectional study

What type of question does a cross-sectional study typically aim to answer?

'Is this test sensitive and specific in diagnosing a disease?'

Which study design is primarily focused on hypothesis testing using comparator groups?