Population Medicine Study Designs
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Questions and Answers

What is the key difference between prevalence and incidence?

  • Prevalence is the average duration of a given condition, while incidence is how long a disease lasts on average.
  • Prevalence is used for chronic diseases, while incidence is used for diseases of short duration. (correct)
  • Prevalence measures the likelihood of contracting a disease, while incidence measures the rate of disease in a population.
  • Prevalence is greater than incidence for chronic diseases.

    • How are prevalence and incidence used to calculate risk?

  • Through measuring the likelihood of contracting a disease.
  • Using the duration of a given condition.
  • By comparing the frequencies of factors in a population.
  • Risk is calculated from the incidence rate. (correct)

    • What distinguishes analytic study designs from descriptive study designs?

  • Analytic studies focus on hypothesis testing, while descriptive studies are hypothesis generating.
  • Analytic studies compare groups of subjects and analyze the associations between exposures and outcomes, while descriptive studies only measure frequencies of factors in a population. (correct)
  • Analytic studies do not involve comparison groups, unlike descriptive studies.
  • Analytic studies measure the frequencies of factors in a population, while descriptive studies assess associations between exposures and outcomes.

    • In what type of diseases is prevalence approximately equal to incidence?

    <p>Diseases with short durations like the common cold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is morbidity defined in epidemiology?

    <p>As the rate of disease in a population measured in terms of prevalence and incidence rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between hypothesis generating and hypothesis testing in study designs?

    <p>Hypothesis generating studies are descriptive, while hypothesis testing studies are analytic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for stating that there is an effect or difference when none exists?

    <p>Type I error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which error in statistical hypothesis testing involves stating that there is no effect or difference when one actually exists?

    <p>Type II error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct interpretation of the significance level α in statistical hypothesis testing?

    <p>Probability of a Type I error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In statistical hypothesis testing, what does β represent?

    <p>Probability of a Type II error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does prevalence measure in a sample group?

    <p>Number of people with a condition at a certain point in time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is incidence defined in epidemiology?

    <p>Number of people newly acquiring a condition in a given period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the document mentioned?

    <p>Study Designs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the null hypothesis (H0) suggest?

    <p>There is no difference or association between two or more variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the alternative hypothesis (H1) suggest?

    <p>There is a significant difference between two or more variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can one find detailed explanation of study designs according to the document?

    <p>'Study Designs' written by batch 2025</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In statistical hypothesis testing, what is assumed about the null hypothesis (H0)?

    <p>It is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it's true.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the importance of study designs in clinical research?

    <p>'Study Designs' have significance due to their recurrent appearance marking their importance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of study involves reporting an individual case without determining who gets the intervention?

    <p>Case series</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of study aggregates data across countries to observe differences between populations?

    <p>Cross-sectional ecologic study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which descriptive study identifies patterns in disease occurrence based on person, place, and time variables?

    <p>Cross-sectional ecologic study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of a case-control study?

    <p>Association between exposure and outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which study design uses already available databases with efficient allocation of resources?

    <p>Descriptive epidemiologic study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In epidemiology, which study type is considered the initial point for discovering new diseases and treatments?

    <p>Case report</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of cross-sectional studies?

    <p>To measure outcome and exposure status simultaneously in a given population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which study design compares individuals with a specific disease to individuals without the disease?

    <p>Case-control study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of study are outcome and exposure status measured simultaneously?

    <p>Cross-sectional study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of question does a cross-sectional study typically aim to answer?

    <p>'Is this test sensitive and specific in diagnosing a disease?'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which study design is primarily focused on hypothesis testing using comparator groups?

    <p>Cross-sectional study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main comparison made in a case-control study?

    <p>'Is the history of exposure different between cases and controls?'</p> Signup and view all the answers

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