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Questions and Answers
Do lower population densities lead to lower per capita incomes via a reduced stimulus to technological innovation?
Do lower population densities lead to lower per capita incomes via a reduced stimulus to technological innovation?
Yes
Will slower population growth increase levels of schooling and health?
Will slower population growth increase levels of schooling and health?
True
Will slower population growth decrease the degree of inequality in the distribution of income?
Will slower population growth decrease the degree of inequality in the distribution of income?
Will slower population growth facilitate the absorption of workers into the modern economic sector and alleviate problems of urban growth?
Will slower population growth facilitate the absorption of workers into the modern economic sector and alleviate problems of urban growth?
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Who studied the association between economic development and mortality in great detail?
Who studied the association between economic development and mortality in great detail?
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In which two periods did Preston use data to study the association between economic development and mortality?
In which two periods did Preston use data to study the association between economic development and mortality?
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Preston found a negative correlation between life expectancy at birth and national income per head in the 1960s.
Preston found a negative correlation between life expectancy at birth and national income per head in the 1960s.
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According to Preston, a nation required an income level approximately _ times higher in the 1930s than in the 1960s to obtain a particular value of life expectancy between 40 and 60.
According to Preston, a nation required an income level approximately _ times higher in the 1930s than in the 1960s to obtain a particular value of life expectancy between 40 and 60.
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Match the country with its estimated and predicted expectation of life at birth around 1980:
Match the country with its estimated and predicted expectation of life at birth around 1980:
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Who are the authors of the article 'Population Growth and Economic Development'?
Who are the authors of the article 'Population Growth and Economic Development'?
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What was the average population growth rate in developing countries since 1950?
What was the average population growth rate in developing countries since 1950?
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Slower population growth is likely to increase the growth rate of per capita income by increasing the per capita availability of exhaustible resources.
Slower population growth is likely to increase the growth rate of per capita income by increasing the per capita availability of exhaustible resources.
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The dramatic reaction to the rise in the price of oil induced by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a clear example of those ______ at work.
The dramatic reaction to the rise in the price of oil induced by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a clear example of those ______ at work.
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Match the following statements with the correct answer:
- Will slower population growth increase the growth rate of per capita income by increasing the per capita availability of exhaustible resources?
- Will slower population growth alleviate pollution and the degradation of the natural environment?
- Will slower population growth lead to more capital per worker, thereby increasing per worker output and consumption?
Match the following statements with the correct answer:
- Will slower population growth increase the growth rate of per capita income by increasing the per capita availability of exhaustible resources?
- Will slower population growth alleviate pollution and the degradation of the natural environment?
- Will slower population growth lead to more capital per worker, thereby increasing per worker output and consumption?
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What were the broad consensus on mortality among various social strata of European populations before the onset of the demographic transition?
What were the broad consensus on mortality among various social strata of European populations before the onset of the demographic transition?
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Who are the authors of the paper mentioned in the text?
Who are the authors of the paper mentioned in the text?
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Improved economic growth has no impact on the living conditions of people.
Improved economic growth has no impact on the living conditions of people.
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What is the potential relationship between the national level of mortality and economic development?
What is the potential relationship between the national level of mortality and economic development?
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Which country in the Asia-Pacific region showed the highest average annual growth in GDP from 1960-1970?
Which country in the Asia-Pacific region showed the highest average annual growth in GDP from 1960-1970?
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Is economic growth the only decisive factor in facilitating sustained mortality decline over time?
Is economic growth the only decisive factor in facilitating sustained mortality decline over time?
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A ______ rank correlation coefficient of r = 0.820 suggests that individual and family prosperity may have been a very relevant factor in regional variations in mortality in China during the early 1980s.
A ______ rank correlation coefficient of r = 0.820 suggests that individual and family prosperity may have been a very relevant factor in regional variations in mortality in China during the early 1980s.
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What was the estimated infant mortality rate for the country as a whole?
What was the estimated infant mortality rate for the country as a whole?
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How many provinces had infant mortality rates between 80 - 89 per 1,000 live births?
How many provinces had infant mortality rates between 80 - 89 per 1,000 live births?
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In Thailand, infant mortality rates were highest in the southern region.
In Thailand, infant mortality rates were highest in the southern region.
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In China, 31% of inter-provincial differentials in survival could be explained by the combined effects of the variations in provincial output per head and level of __________ of the provinces.
In China, 31% of inter-provincial differentials in survival could be explained by the combined effects of the variations in provincial output per head and level of __________ of the provinces.
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Match the countries with their income distribution in the mid-1970s:
Match the countries with their income distribution in the mid-1970s:
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What were the time-bound twin objectives of India's primary health care and family planning programme?
What were the time-bound twin objectives of India's primary health care and family planning programme?
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Which of the following steps were taken by the Government to improve the performance of the primary health care and family planning programme?
Which of the following steps were taken by the Government to improve the performance of the primary health care and family planning programme?
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What is the logic behind adopting a multi-purpose mode of service delivery at the primary health centre (PHC) level? Complementary services are better provided as a ________.
What is the logic behind adopting a multi-purpose mode of service delivery at the primary health centre (PHC) level? Complementary services are better provided as a ________.
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Why does the last quarter of the programme year account for over 50% of the annual performance in family planning?
Why does the last quarter of the programme year account for over 50% of the annual performance in family planning?
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What is the probable indicator of social status in relation to the husband's level of education?
What is the probable indicator of social status in relation to the husband's level of education?
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What is the main emphasis during the last quarter of the year in the programme?
What is the main emphasis during the last quarter of the year in the programme?
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What is one area where the effect of husband's education on child care practices may be observed?
What is one area where the effect of husband's education on child care practices may be observed?
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Social and economic situation of the family does not affect children's chances of survival.
Social and economic situation of the family does not affect children's chances of survival.
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According to the information provided, what is the main issue with the target setting system of the programme?
According to the information provided, what is the main issue with the target setting system of the programme?
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In the analysis, what did the National Demographic Survey reveal about women with professional careers or high administrative positions in the Philippines having an average life expectancy of around $67$ years?
In the analysis, what did the National Demographic Survey reveal about women with professional careers or high administrative positions in the Philippines having an average life expectancy of around $67$ years?
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What is the recommended focus for programme planning according to the text?
What is the recommended focus for programme planning according to the text?
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The target setting system needs to be made less participative according to the text.
The target setting system needs to be made less participative according to the text.
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Study Notes
Population Growth and Economic Development
- Between 1950 and 1984, the population of developing countries (Africa, Latin America, and Asia, excluding Japan) doubled from 1.7 billion to 3.6 billion.
- The demographic combination that achieved this growth has changed decisively:
- Crude birth rates declined from 45 per thousand in 1950-1955 to 31 per thousand in 1980-1985.
- Crude death rates declined from 24 per thousand in 1950-1955 to 11 per thousand in 1980-1985.
The Relationship Between Population Growth and Economic Development
- The report examined eight major relationships between demographic patterns and economic processes.
- The relationships were analyzed in the context of a government-sponsored program to achieve a lower fertility level.
The Eight Major Relationships
1. Will Slower Population Growth Increase the Growth Rate of Per Capita Income by Increasing Per Capita Availability of Exhaustible Resources?
- The answer is "no".
- The prices of exhaustible resources are set by international markets, which reflect extraction costs and scarcity value.
- Slower population growth would delay the time at which a particular stage of resource depletion is reached.
2. Will Slower Population Growth Increase the Growth Rate of Per Capita Income by Increasing Per Capita Availability of Renewable Resources?
- The answer is "yes", but with qualifications.
- Larger population size is associated with lower labor productivity in agriculture due to diminishing returns.
- Institutional adaptations, such as government-sponsored agricultural research, can mitigate the negative effects of population growth.
3. Will Slower Population Growth Alleviate Pollution and the Degradation of the Natural Environment?
- The answer is "probably, yes", but the issue is not a major economic problem in less developed countries.
4. Will Slower Population Growth Lead to More Capital Per Worker, Thereby Increasing Per Worker Output and Consumption?
- The answer is a tentative "yes".
- Slower population growth would lead to more capital per worker if the savings and investment rate remains unchanged.
5. Do Lower Population Densities Lead to Lower Per Capita Incomes via a Reduced Stimulus to Technological Innovation?
- The answer is "no".
- Population density can create larger markets, which can stimulate technical innovation, especially in agriculture.
6. Will Slower Population Growth Increase Levels of Schooling and Health?
- The answer is "yes".
- Smaller families would have more financial resources to spend on education and health.
7. Will Slower Population Growth Decrease the Degree of Inequality in the Distribution of Income?
- The answer is "probably, yes".
- Slower population growth would raise the rate of return to labor relative to the rate of return on capital or land, which would benefit poorer individuals who rely on wages.
8. Will Slower Population Growth Facilitate the Absorption of Workers into the Modern Economic Sector and Alleviate Problems of Urban Growth?
- The answer is unclear.
- Urbanization responds primarily to economic growth, not population growth.
- The growth rate of the urban labor force is not closely linked to changes in the rate of unemployment.### Urbanization and Economic Development
- Urban growth in developing countries is primarily driven by natural increase, rather than migration.
- Urban growth raises issues related to economies of scale and public service provision.
- Economies of scale are often exhausted at a relatively small city size, and population growth has little positive impact on economies.
Population Growth and Economic Progress
- Slowing population growth can improve economic progress indicators, such as per capita income and poverty rates.
- This is particularly true for densely populated, poor countries like Bangladesh.
- The relationship between population growth and economic development is complex and influenced by various factors, including government policies and individual behavior.
Mortality and Development
- The relationship between mortality and economic development has been extensively studied, with mixed results.
- Some studies have found a strong correlation between income per head and life expectancy, while others have found little correlation.
- Education and healthcare investments are also important determinants of mortality rates.
Social and Economic Change
- Social and economic change can contribute to mortality decline, particularly in developing countries.
- The association between health and mortality and social and economic conditions can be evaluated at both macro and micro levels.
- Macro-level analysis examines the relationship between mortality and social and economic development at the national level.
- Micro-level analysis examines the relationship between individual and family characteristics and health outcomes.
Economic Development Strategies
- Developmental strategies can be categorized into two groups: those that prioritize social welfare and human development, and those that prioritize economic growth.
- Countries like China have adopted a more equalizing approach to development, while countries like Japan and South Korea have prioritized economic growth.
International Comparisons
- International comparisons of per capita income and life expectancy have yielded varying results.
- Some studies have found a strong correlation between income and life expectancy, while others have found little correlation.
- Additional factors, such as education and healthcare investments, can also influence mortality rates.
Country-Specific Examples
- Japan's rapid growth in income was a major factor in its increase in life expectancy.
- A study of 11 developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region found a positive association between life expectancy and gross national product per head.### Estimated and Predicted Expectation of Life at Birth around 1980
- The table shows the estimated and predicted expectation of life at birth for 11 countries in the Asia-Pacific region around 1980.
- Bangladesh: 48 years (actual), 50.9 (predicted from model 1), 51.2 (predicted from model 2)
- China: 65 years (actual), 54.6 (predicted from model 1), 54.7 (predicted from model 2)
- India: 55 years (actual), 53.8 (predicted from model 1), 53.9 (predicted from model 2)
- Indonesia: 52 years (actual), 57.8 (predicted from model 1), 57.7 (predicted from model 2)
- Malaysia: 65 years (actual), 64.1 (predicted from model 1), 63.7 (predicted from model 2)
- Pakistan: 51 years (actual), 55.6 (predicted from model 1), 55.7 (predicted from model 2)
- Papua New Guinea: 53 years (actual), 59.6 (predicted from model 1), 59.4 (predicted from model 2)
- Philippines: 62 years (actual), 59.6 (predicted from model 1), 59.4 (predicted from model 2)
- Republic of Korea: 64 years (actual), 64.2 (predicted from model 1), 63.8 (predicted from model 2)
- Sri Lanka: 67 years (actual), 54.8 (predicted from model 1), 54.9 (predicted from model 2)
- Thailand: 61 years (actual), 59.3 (predicted from model 1), 59.2 (predicted from model 2)
Regional Differences in Mortality
- Substantial regional differences in mortality exist within each country in the Asia-Pacific region.
- In India, the distribution of the 15 major states by the level of expectation of life at birth for males differed depending on the estimates used.
- In China, six provinces with 20.6% of the population had levels of mortality giving rise to an average expectation of life at birth of less than 65 years.
- In the Philippines, the extreme values for expectation of life at birth for females differed by as much as 23 years.
- In Nepal, the probability of infant death ranged from 153 to 203 and 206 per thousand live births in the hills, mountains, and plains, respectively.
- In Indonesia, infant mortality varied between provinces, with the lowest value of 62 per thousand in Yogyakarta and the highest, 187 per thousand, in West Nusa Tenggara.
Factors Affecting Mortality
- In China, the level of urbanization and the level of illiteracy among the population aged 12 years and over were strong predictors of mortality.
- In India, the inter-state variation in the expenditure per head on health was a major factor accounting for about 60% of the difference in expectation of life among the states.
- In Indonesia, the variation in infant mortality among the 26 provinces could not be adequately accounted for by inter-provincial differences in estimated levels of GDP (per head of population) or in the differential incidence of poverty.
Income Distribution and Mortality
- Income distribution affects mortality, with more unequal distribution of income associated with higher mortality.
- The data indicate a lack of a systematic relationship between measures of inequality and the levels of mortality in the group of countries considered.
- The distribution of income in the mid-1970s was relatively inequitable in Indonesia and Thailand, and significantly better in Bangladesh, the Republic of Korea, and Sri Lanka.
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Description
Explore the relationship between population growth and economic development, covering demographic patterns and economic processes.
