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Questions and Answers
What is the process called when cells take up large molecules?
What is the process called when cells take up large molecules?
- Endocytosis (correct)
- Pinocytosis
- Phagocytosis
- Exocytosis
What is the process called when cells release large molecules to the outside?
What is the process called when cells release large molecules to the outside?
- Exocytosis (correct)
- Endocytosis
- Phagocytosis
- Pinocytosis
What is the name of the pump that exchanges Na+ ions with K+ ions?
What is the name of the pump that exchanges Na+ ions with K+ ions?
- Na+-Ca+ Pump
- Ca+-K+ Pump
- K+-Ca+ Pump
- Na+-K+ Pump (correct)
What is the name of the protein that coats the receptors on the cytoplasmic side?
What is the name of the protein that coats the receptors on the cytoplasmic side?
What is the type of isomerism exhibited by glucose and fructose?
What is the type of isomerism exhibited by glucose and fructose?
What is the term for 'cellular drinking'?
What is the term for 'cellular drinking'?
What type of polysaccharide is glycogen classified as?
What type of polysaccharide is glycogen classified as?
What is the term for 'cellular eating'?
What is the term for 'cellular eating'?
What is the term for the cyclic formula representation of glucose?
What is the term for the cyclic formula representation of glucose?
What is exchanged in the erythrocytes?
What is exchanged in the erythrocytes?
What is the functional group present in position one of glucose?
What is the functional group present in position one of glucose?
Where does the Na+-K+ Pump occur?
Where does the Na+-K+ Pump occur?
What is the term for polysaccharides composed of different monosaccharide units?
What is the term for polysaccharides composed of different monosaccharide units?
What is the name of the projection used to represent the straight chain structure of glucose?
What is the name of the projection used to represent the straight chain structure of glucose?
What is the soluble remnant after all particulate matter has been removed?
What is the soluble remnant after all particulate matter has been removed?
What is the purpose of marker enzymes in assessing the purity of isolated subcellular fractions?
What is the purpose of marker enzymes in assessing the purity of isolated subcellular fractions?
Which enzyme is a marker for the plasma membrane?
Which enzyme is a marker for the plasma membrane?
What technique is used to separate organelles of similar sedimentation coefficients?
What technique is used to separate organelles of similar sedimentation coefficients?
Which organelle is characterized by the presence of acid phosphatase?
Which organelle is characterized by the presence of acid phosphatase?
What is the marker enzyme for peroxisomes?
What is the marker enzyme for peroxisomes?
Which enzyme is a marker for the endoplasmic reticulum?
Which enzyme is a marker for the endoplasmic reticulum?
Which enzyme is a marker for the cytosol?
Which enzyme is a marker for the cytosol?
What is the empirical formula of many simple carbohydrates?
What is the empirical formula of many simple carbohydrates?
What is the Greek word for sugar?
What is the Greek word for sugar?
What is a function of non-digestible carbohydrates like cellulose?
What is a function of non-digestible carbohydrates like cellulose?
What is an example of a polysaccharide found in insects?
What is an example of a polysaccharide found in insects?
What is the term for simple sugars?
What is the term for simple sugars?
What is a function of carbohydrates in the body?
What is a function of carbohydrates in the body?
What is the name of the sugar found in RNA and DNA?
What is the name of the sugar found in RNA and DNA?
What is the definition of carbohydrates chemically?
What is the definition of carbohydrates chemically?
What is the characteristic feature of dextrins?
What is the characteristic feature of dextrins?
What is another term for polysaccharides?
What is another term for polysaccharides?
What is the function of muscle glycogen?
What is the function of muscle glycogen?
What is the major storage form of carbohydrate in animals?
What is the major storage form of carbohydrate in animals?
What is the type of linkage found in glycogen?
What is the type of linkage found in glycogen?
What is the function of liver glycogen?
What is the function of liver glycogen?
What is the composition of starch?
What is the composition of starch?
What is the type of polysaccharide that contains two or more different types of monosaccharide units?
What is the type of polysaccharide that contains two or more different types of monosaccharide units?
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Study Notes
Transport Mechanisms
- Na+-K+ Pump is a primary active transport process that occurs in renal proximal tubules, exchanging Na+ ions for K+ ions.
- This process involves the exchange of Cl- and HCO3- in erythrocytes.
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
- Endocytosis is the process by which cells take up large molecules, and exocytosis is the process by which cells release large molecules.
- There are two types of endocytosis: pinocytosis (cellular drinking) and phagocytosis (cellular eating).
Marker Enzymes
- Marker enzymes are enzymes that are exclusively located in a particular subcellular fraction, characteristic of that fraction.
- Examples of marker enzymes include:
- 5 Nucleotidase and Na+-K+-ATPase (plasma membrane)
- DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase (nucleus)
- Glucose-6-phosphatase (endoplasmic reticulum)
- Galactosyl transferase (Golgi bodies)
- Acid phosphatase and β-glucuronidase (lysosomes)
- Succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome C-oxidase (mitochondria)
- Catalase (peroxisomes)
- Lactate dehydrogenase (cytosol)
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are compounds that contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the empirical formula [CH2O]n.
- Examples of carbohydrates include starch, dextrins, glycogen, cellulose, and inulin.
- Carbohydrates serve various functions, including:
- Serving as structural components (e.g., glycosaminoglycans, cellulose, and chitin)
- Providing energy (e.g., glycogen in animal tissue and starch in plants)
- Playing a role in lubrication, cellular intercommunication, and immunity
- Constituting nucleic acids (e.g., ribose and deoxyribose)
- Being involved in detoxification
Classification of Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are classified into three groups:
- Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
- Oligosaccharides
- Polysaccharides (glycans)
- Polysaccharides are subclassified into:
- Homopolysaccharides (homoglycans): composed of several units of one type of monosaccharide unit only
- Heteropolysaccharides (heteroglycans): composed of two or more different types of monosaccharide units or their derivatives
Glycogen and Starch
- Glycogen is the major storage form of carbohydrate (glucose) in animals, found mostly in liver and muscle.
- Starch is the storage form of glucose in plants, composed of two constituents: amylose and amylopectin.
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