Polysaccharides Classification

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Questions and Answers

What is the process called when cells take up large molecules?

Endocytosis (correct)

Pinocytosis

Phagocytosis

Exocytosis

What is the process called when cells release large molecules to the outside?

Exocytosis (correct)

Endocytosis

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

What is the name of the pump that exchanges Na+ ions with K+ ions?

Na+-Ca+ Pump

Ca+-K+ Pump

K+-Ca+ Pump

Na+-K+ Pump (correct)

What is the name of the protein that coats the receptors on the cytoplasmic side?

Calthrin Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of isomerism exhibited by glucose and fructose?

Ketose-aldose isomerism Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for 'cellular drinking'?

Pinocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What type of polysaccharide is glycogen classified as?

Homopolysaccharide Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for 'cellular eating'?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the cyclic formula representation of glucose?

Haworth projection Signup and view all the answers

What is exchanged in the erythrocytes?

Cl- and HCO3- Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional group present in position one of glucose?

Aldehyde group Signup and view all the answers

Where does the Na+-K+ Pump occur?

In the renal proximal tubules Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for polysaccharides composed of different monosaccharide units?

Heteropolysaccharides Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the projection used to represent the straight chain structure of glucose?

Fisher projection Signup and view all the answers

What is the soluble remnant after all particulate matter has been removed?

Cytosol Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of marker enzymes in assessing the purity of isolated subcellular fractions?

To identify the presence of specific organelles in a fraction Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is a marker for the plasma membrane?

5 Nucleotidase Signup and view all the answers

What technique is used to separate organelles of similar sedimentation coefficients?

Isopyknic centrifugation Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is characterized by the presence of acid phosphatase?

Lysosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the marker enzyme for peroxisomes?

Catalase Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is a marker for the endoplasmic reticulum?

Glucose-6-phosphatase Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is a marker for the cytosol?

Lactate dehydrogenase Signup and view all the answers

What is the empirical formula of many simple carbohydrates?

CH2O Signup and view all the answers

What is the Greek word for sugar?

Saccharon Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of non-digestible carbohydrates like cellulose?

Serving as dietary fibers Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a polysaccharide found in insects?

Chitin Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for simple sugars?

Monosaccharides Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of carbohydrates in the body?

Playing a role in lubrication and cellular intercommunication Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the sugar found in RNA and DNA?

Ribose Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of carbohydrates chemically?

Aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydroxy alcohols Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of dextrins?

Having few free aldehyde groups and showing mild reducing property Signup and view all the answers

What is another term for polysaccharides?

Glycans Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of muscle glycogen?

To act as a readily available source of glucose for energy within muscle itself Signup and view all the answers

What is the major storage form of carbohydrate in animals?

Glycogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of linkage found in glycogen?

α-(1 → 6) linkages Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of liver glycogen?

To maintain the blood glucose level Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of starch?

Amylose and amylopectin Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of polysaccharide that contains two or more different types of monosaccharide units?

Heteropolysaccharide Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Transport Mechanisms

Na+-K+ Pump is a primary active transport process that occurs in renal proximal tubules, exchanging Na+ ions for K+ ions.
This process involves the exchange of Cl- and HCO3- in erythrocytes.

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Endocytosis is the process by which cells take up large molecules, and exocytosis is the process by which cells release large molecules.
There are two types of endocytosis: pinocytosis (cellular drinking) and phagocytosis (cellular eating).

Marker Enzymes

Marker enzymes are enzymes that are exclusively located in a particular subcellular fraction, characteristic of that fraction.
Examples of marker enzymes include:
- 5 Nucleotidase and Na+-K+-ATPase (plasma membrane)
- DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase (nucleus)
- Glucose-6-phosphatase (endoplasmic reticulum)
- Galactosyl transferase (Golgi bodies)
- Acid phosphatase and β-glucuronidase (lysosomes)
- Succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome C-oxidase (mitochondria)
- Catalase (peroxisomes)
- Lactate dehydrogenase (cytosol)

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are compounds that contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the empirical formula [CH2O]n.
Examples of carbohydrates include starch, dextrins, glycogen, cellulose, and inulin.
Carbohydrates serve various functions, including:
- Serving as structural components (e.g., glycosaminoglycans, cellulose, and chitin)
- Providing energy (e.g., glycogen in animal tissue and starch in plants)
- Playing a role in lubrication, cellular intercommunication, and immunity
- Constituting nucleic acids (e.g., ribose and deoxyribose)
- Being involved in detoxification

Classification of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are classified into three groups:
- Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
- Oligosaccharides
- Polysaccharides (glycans)
Polysaccharides are subclassified into:
- Homopolysaccharides (homoglycans): composed of several units of one type of monosaccharide unit only
- Heteropolysaccharides (heteroglycans): composed of two or more different types of monosaccharide units or their derivatives

Glycogen and Starch

Glycogen is the major storage form of carbohydrate (glucose) in animals, found mostly in liver and muscle.
Starch is the storage form of glucose in plants, composed of two constituents: amylose and amylopectin.

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Description

This quiz covers the classification and properties of polysaccharides, including glycans and homopolysaccharides, and their differences.