Polysaccharides Classification
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Questions and Answers

What is the process called when cells take up large molecules?

  • Endocytosis (correct)
  • Pinocytosis
  • Phagocytosis
  • Exocytosis

    • What is the process called when cells release large molecules to the outside?

  • Exocytosis (correct)
  • Endocytosis
  • Phagocytosis
  • Pinocytosis

    • What is the name of the pump that exchanges Na+ ions with K+ ions?

  • Na+-Ca+ Pump
  • Ca+-K+ Pump
  • K+-Ca+ Pump
  • Na+-K+ Pump (correct)

    • What is the name of the protein that coats the receptors on the cytoplasmic side?

    <p>Calthrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of isomerism exhibited by glucose and fructose?

    <p>Ketose-aldose isomerism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for 'cellular drinking'?

    <p>Pinocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of polysaccharide is glycogen classified as?

    <p>Homopolysaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for 'cellular eating'?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the cyclic formula representation of glucose?

    <p>Haworth projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is exchanged in the erythrocytes?

    <p>Cl- and HCO3-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional group present in position one of glucose?

    <p>Aldehyde group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Na+-K+ Pump occur?

    <p>In the renal proximal tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for polysaccharides composed of different monosaccharide units?

    <p>Heteropolysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the projection used to represent the straight chain structure of glucose?

    <p>Fisher projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the soluble remnant after all particulate matter has been removed?

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of marker enzymes in assessing the purity of isolated subcellular fractions?

    <p>To identify the presence of specific organelles in a fraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is a marker for the plasma membrane?

    <p>5 Nucleotidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique is used to separate organelles of similar sedimentation coefficients?

    <p>Isopyknic centrifugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is characterized by the presence of acid phosphatase?

    <p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the marker enzyme for peroxisomes?

    <p>Catalase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is a marker for the endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Glucose-6-phosphatase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is a marker for the cytosol?

    <p>Lactate dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the empirical formula of many simple carbohydrates?

    <p>CH2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Greek word for sugar?

    <p>Saccharon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a function of non-digestible carbohydrates like cellulose?

    <p>Serving as dietary fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a polysaccharide found in insects?

    <p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for simple sugars?

    <p>Monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a function of carbohydrates in the body?

    <p>Playing a role in lubrication and cellular intercommunication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the sugar found in RNA and DNA?

    <p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of carbohydrates chemically?

    <p>Aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydroxy alcohols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of dextrins?

    <p>Having few free aldehyde groups and showing mild reducing property</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another term for polysaccharides?

    <p>Glycans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of muscle glycogen?

    <p>To act as a readily available source of glucose for energy within muscle itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major storage form of carbohydrate in animals?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of linkage found in glycogen?

    <p>α-(1 → 6) linkages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of liver glycogen?

    <p>To maintain the blood glucose level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of starch?

    <p>Amylose and amylopectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of polysaccharide that contains two or more different types of monosaccharide units?

    <p>Heteropolysaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Transport Mechanisms

    • Na+-K+ Pump is a primary active transport process that occurs in renal proximal tubules, exchanging Na+ ions for K+ ions.
    • This process involves the exchange of Cl- and HCO3- in erythrocytes.

    Endocytosis and Exocytosis

    • Endocytosis is the process by which cells take up large molecules, and exocytosis is the process by which cells release large molecules.
    • There are two types of endocytosis: pinocytosis (cellular drinking) and phagocytosis (cellular eating).

    Marker Enzymes

    • Marker enzymes are enzymes that are exclusively located in a particular subcellular fraction, characteristic of that fraction.
    • Examples of marker enzymes include:
      • 5 Nucleotidase and Na+-K+-ATPase (plasma membrane)
      • DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase (nucleus)
      • Glucose-6-phosphatase (endoplasmic reticulum)
      • Galactosyl transferase (Golgi bodies)
      • Acid phosphatase and β-glucuronidase (lysosomes)
      • Succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome C-oxidase (mitochondria)
      • Catalase (peroxisomes)
      • Lactate dehydrogenase (cytosol)

    Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are compounds that contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the empirical formula [CH2O]n.
    • Examples of carbohydrates include starch, dextrins, glycogen, cellulose, and inulin.
    • Carbohydrates serve various functions, including:
      • Serving as structural components (e.g., glycosaminoglycans, cellulose, and chitin)
      • Providing energy (e.g., glycogen in animal tissue and starch in plants)
      • Playing a role in lubrication, cellular intercommunication, and immunity
      • Constituting nucleic acids (e.g., ribose and deoxyribose)
      • Being involved in detoxification

    Classification of Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are classified into three groups:
      • Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
      • Oligosaccharides
      • Polysaccharides (glycans)
    • Polysaccharides are subclassified into:
      • Homopolysaccharides (homoglycans): composed of several units of one type of monosaccharide unit only
      • Heteropolysaccharides (heteroglycans): composed of two or more different types of monosaccharide units or their derivatives

    Glycogen and Starch

    • Glycogen is the major storage form of carbohydrate (glucose) in animals, found mostly in liver and muscle.
    • Starch is the storage form of glucose in plants, composed of two constituents: amylose and amylopectin.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the classification and properties of polysaccharides, including glycans and homopolysaccharides, and their differences.

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