Polysaccharides Classification
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Questions and Answers

What is the process called when cells take up large molecules?

  • Endocytosis (correct)
  • Pinocytosis
  • Phagocytosis
  • Exocytosis

What is the process called when cells release large molecules to the outside?

  • Exocytosis (correct)
  • Endocytosis
  • Phagocytosis
  • Pinocytosis

What is the name of the pump that exchanges Na+ ions with K+ ions?

  • Na+-Ca+ Pump
  • Ca+-K+ Pump
  • K+-Ca+ Pump
  • Na+-K+ Pump (correct)

What is the name of the protein that coats the receptors on the cytoplasmic side?

<p>Calthrin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of isomerism exhibited by glucose and fructose?

<p>Ketose-aldose isomerism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for 'cellular drinking'?

<p>Pinocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of polysaccharide is glycogen classified as?

<p>Homopolysaccharide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for 'cellular eating'?

<p>Phagocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the cyclic formula representation of glucose?

<p>Haworth projection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is exchanged in the erythrocytes?

<p>Cl- and HCO3- (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional group present in position one of glucose?

<p>Aldehyde group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the Na+-K+ Pump occur?

<p>In the renal proximal tubules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for polysaccharides composed of different monosaccharide units?

<p>Heteropolysaccharides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the projection used to represent the straight chain structure of glucose?

<p>Fisher projection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the soluble remnant after all particulate matter has been removed?

<p>Cytosol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of marker enzymes in assessing the purity of isolated subcellular fractions?

<p>To identify the presence of specific organelles in a fraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is a marker for the plasma membrane?

<p>5 Nucleotidase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique is used to separate organelles of similar sedimentation coefficients?

<p>Isopyknic centrifugation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is characterized by the presence of acid phosphatase?

<p>Lysosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the marker enzyme for peroxisomes?

<p>Catalase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is a marker for the endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>Glucose-6-phosphatase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is a marker for the cytosol?

<p>Lactate dehydrogenase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the empirical formula of many simple carbohydrates?

<p>CH2O (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Greek word for sugar?

<p>Saccharon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of non-digestible carbohydrates like cellulose?

<p>Serving as dietary fibers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a polysaccharide found in insects?

<p>Chitin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for simple sugars?

<p>Monosaccharides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of carbohydrates in the body?

<p>Playing a role in lubrication and cellular intercommunication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the sugar found in RNA and DNA?

<p>Ribose (C), Deoxyribose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of carbohydrates chemically?

<p>Aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydroxy alcohols (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of dextrins?

<p>Having few free aldehyde groups and showing mild reducing property (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another term for polysaccharides?

<p>Glycans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of muscle glycogen?

<p>To act as a readily available source of glucose for energy within muscle itself (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major storage form of carbohydrate in animals?

<p>Glycogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of linkage found in glycogen?

<p>α-(1 → 6) linkages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of liver glycogen?

<p>To maintain the blood glucose level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of starch?

<p>Amylose and amylopectin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of polysaccharide that contains two or more different types of monosaccharide units?

<p>Heteropolysaccharide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Transport Mechanisms

  • Na+-K+ Pump is a primary active transport process that occurs in renal proximal tubules, exchanging Na+ ions for K+ ions.
  • This process involves the exchange of Cl- and HCO3- in erythrocytes.

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

  • Endocytosis is the process by which cells take up large molecules, and exocytosis is the process by which cells release large molecules.
  • There are two types of endocytosis: pinocytosis (cellular drinking) and phagocytosis (cellular eating).

Marker Enzymes

  • Marker enzymes are enzymes that are exclusively located in a particular subcellular fraction, characteristic of that fraction.
  • Examples of marker enzymes include:
    • 5 Nucleotidase and Na+-K+-ATPase (plasma membrane)
    • DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase (nucleus)
    • Glucose-6-phosphatase (endoplasmic reticulum)
    • Galactosyl transferase (Golgi bodies)
    • Acid phosphatase and β-glucuronidase (lysosomes)
    • Succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome C-oxidase (mitochondria)
    • Catalase (peroxisomes)
    • Lactate dehydrogenase (cytosol)

Carbohydrates

  • Carbohydrates are compounds that contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the empirical formula [CH2O]n.
  • Examples of carbohydrates include starch, dextrins, glycogen, cellulose, and inulin.
  • Carbohydrates serve various functions, including:
    • Serving as structural components (e.g., glycosaminoglycans, cellulose, and chitin)
    • Providing energy (e.g., glycogen in animal tissue and starch in plants)
    • Playing a role in lubrication, cellular intercommunication, and immunity
    • Constituting nucleic acids (e.g., ribose and deoxyribose)
    • Being involved in detoxification

Classification of Carbohydrates

  • Carbohydrates are classified into three groups:
    • Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
    • Oligosaccharides
    • Polysaccharides (glycans)
  • Polysaccharides are subclassified into:
    • Homopolysaccharides (homoglycans): composed of several units of one type of monosaccharide unit only
    • Heteropolysaccharides (heteroglycans): composed of two or more different types of monosaccharide units or their derivatives

Glycogen and Starch

  • Glycogen is the major storage form of carbohydrate (glucose) in animals, found mostly in liver and muscle.
  • Starch is the storage form of glucose in plants, composed of two constituents: amylose and amylopectin.

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Description

This quiz covers the classification and properties of polysaccharides, including glycans and homopolysaccharides, and their differences.

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