Polyploidy in Biology

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary consequence of colchicine treatment on chromosomal division?

Disrupts spindle formation. (correct)

Promotes normal mitosis.

Prevents migration of daughter chromosomes. (correct)

Enhances the migration of daughter chromosomes.

Which type of aneuploidy involves the loss of a single chromosome?

Tetrasomy

Trisomy

Nullisomy

Monosomy (correct)

Which of the following statements accurately describes polyploidy?

Polyploidy involves the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes.

Polyploidy can lead to increased vigor in plant species. (correct)

Polyploidy is a common occurrence in humans.

Polyploidy occurs more frequently than aneuploidy in humans.

What is a major effect of increasing polyploidy levels in plants?

Changes in growth patterns. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of polyploidy arises from the combination of complete genomes from two distinct species?

Allopolyploidy Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'tetrasomy' refer to in aneuploid conditions?

Presence of four chromosomes in addition to the normal set. Signup and view all the answers

What is the chromosome configuration in autotriploidy?

Three copies of the same genome. Signup and view all the answers

What typically occurs in plant species as a result of spontaneous chromosome doubling?

Enhanced vigor and improved varieties. Signup and view all the answers

What describes haploid cells?

They contain one complete set of chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of polyploidy results from hybridization between two species?

Allopolyploidy Signup and view all the answers

In humans, what is the chromosome count in diploid cells?

46 chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies a triploid organism?

3n chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

How are autopolyploids characterized?

They originate from within a single species. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between diploid and haploid cells?

Diploid cells have pairs of chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about euploidy?

It encompasses individuals with complete sets of chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

Why would a hybrid organism between a diploid and a haploid genome be sterile?

It would have resulting odd chromosome numbers. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of allopolyploids compared to autopolyploids?

They tend to be vigorous plants. Signup and view all the answers

In plant breeding, what role do amphidiploids play?

They serve as a bridge for crossing when direct crosses are sterile. Signup and view all the answers

What does the notation '2n=18' indicate in the context of Raphanus and Brassica?

They have a total of 18 chromosomes in diploid form. Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of allopolyploidy in crop improvement?

It encourages the formation of entirely new crop species. Signup and view all the answers

What causes natural induction of polyploidy?

Unreduced gametes during meiosis. Signup and view all the answers

How does colchicine induce polyploidy?

By dissociating the spindle and preventing chromosome migration. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes Raphanobrassica?

It's a sterile F1 hybrid of Raphanus and Brassica. Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about recessive traits in allopolyploids?

They may appear less frequently than in diploid species. Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for an allopolyploid resulting from chromosome doubling in a sterile hybrid of two unrelated diploid species?

Amphidiploid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding autopolyploidy?

It arises from the fusion of gametes of the same species. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common trait of allopolyploidy as compared to autopolyploidy?

It consists of chromosome sets derived from different species. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would most likely lead to the formation of an allopolyploid?

A chromosome doubling in a hybrid between two distinct plant species. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of autopolyploidy?

It often produces larger plant varieties. Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following organisms is an example of allopolyploidy primarily observed?

Wheat Signup and view all the answers

Which process is mainly responsible for causing autopolyploidy?

Nondisjunction of chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an amphipolyploid from an amphidiploid?

Amphipolyploids are derived from polyploid parent species. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Polyploidy

Polyploidy is a condition where an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes.
There are two types of polyploidy: autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy.
Autopolyploidy results from the duplication of the same chromosome set within a species.
Allopolyploidy results from the hybridization of two different species, followed by chromosome doubling.

Haploid vs. Diploid

Haploid cells contain one set of chromosomes (n).
Diploid cells contain two sets of chromosomes (2n).
Human gametes (sperm and egg) are haploid, while somatic cells are diploid.

Polyploidy in Plants

Polyploidy is common in plants, particularly in crops.
Polyploid plants often exhibit larger size, increased vigor, and altered flower or fruit characteristics.
Autopolyploids are often larger than their diploid counterparts.
Autotriploids are frequently sterile but can have beneficial traits.

Allopolyploidy

Allopolyploids are often fertile and can exhibit hybrid vigor.
Amphidiploids are a type of allopolyploid that arises from chromosome doubling in a sterile hybrid.
Allopolyploidy can be used to create new crop species with desirable traits.

Polyploidy Induction

Polyploidy can be induced naturally or artificially.
Colchicine is a chemical that can induce polyploidy by disrupting spindle formation during cell division.

Aneuploidy vs. Polyploidy

Aneuploidy involves an abnormal number of chromosomes, while polyploidy involves a complete extra set of chromosomes.
Aneuploidy is more common in humans than polyploidy.
Polyploidy is generally lethal in animals, but can be beneficial in plants.

Applications of Polyploidy

Polyploidy can be used to create new crop species, improve existing crops, and transfer genes between species.
Allopolyploids can act as a 'bridge' for gene transfer between otherwise incompatible species.
Polyploidy is used to trace the origin of crop species.

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Description

This quiz explores the concepts of polyploidy, including autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy. It examines the differences between haploid and diploid cells, as well as the significance of polyploidy in plants, particularly in enhancing size and vigor. Test your understanding of these fundamental genetic principles!