Polymers and Monomers Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary process involved in pyrolysis?

  • Chemical synthesis using catalysts
  • Thermal decomposition in an oxygen-free atmosphere (correct)
  • Absorption of moisture at high temperatures
  • Decomposition in the presence of oxygen

    • The acetylation process replaces hydroxyl groups in cellulose with hydrogen atoms.

    False

    What is the chemical formula of Acetate Compound Propionate (CAP)?

    C76H114O49

    Cellulose acetate can be dissolved in certain solvents or ______ under heat.

    <p>melted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following properties with their corresponding acetate compounds:

    <p>Cellulose Acetate = Can be dissolved in certain solvents Acetate Compound Propionate = Excellent solubility and weather resistance Acetate Compound Butyrate = Improved weathering resistance and low moisture absorption Cellulose = Contains three hydroxyl groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of applications are suitable for Acetate Compound Butyrate?

    <p>Low-application viscosities at high solids levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acetate compounds are not suitable for use in the paint industry.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The acetylation of cellulose results in the formation of ______, allowing the material to be spun into fibers.

    <p>cellulose acetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonds connect the glucose units in cellulose?

    <p>Beta-1,4-glycosidic bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellulose is soluble in water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason humans cannot digest cellulose?

    <p>Humans cannot break down ß-1,4-glycosidic bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monomers are small molecules which may be joined together to form __________.

    <p>polymers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes cellulose microfibrils?

    <p>They contain 20 to 40 individual cellulose chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of sugars with their descriptions:

    <p>Monosaccharide = Contain just one molecule Disaccharide = Complex structure of two sugars Polysaccharide = Long chains of carbohydrate molecules Glucose = Common monosaccharide used in energy processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellulolysis refers to the process of cellulose synthesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sugar forms the basis of cellulose?

    <p>Beta glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellulose is the most abundant organic molecule on Earth.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main monomer that composes cellulose?

    <p>glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellulose is synthesized at the __________ and organized into microfibrils.

    <p>plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes alpha glucose from beta glucose?

    <p>The orientation of the hydroxyl groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of enzyme with its function in cellulose degradation:

    <p>Endocellulases = Breaking down the crystallinity in cellulose Exocellulases = Hydrolyzing chain ends to smaller sugars β-glucosidases = Hydrolyzing disaccharides and tetrasaccharides to glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of bond links glucose molecules in cellulose?

    <p>Beta-1-4 glycosidic linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the intermediate units formed from cellulose?

    <p>Cellobiose, Cellotriose, Cellotetraose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cells can only degrade cellulose through hydrolysis and not by microbial activity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary chemical formula for Carboxymethyl cellulose?

    <p>C8H15NaO8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acetate Compound Butyrate (CAB) is not soluble in a wide range of solvents.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of groups present in Carboxymethyl cellulose?

    <p>Carboxymethyl groups and hydroxyl groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethyl cellulose is used mainly as a __________ coating material.

    <p>thin-film</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cellulose derivatives with their characteristics:

    <p>Acetate Compound Butyrate = Contains acetyl and butyryl groups Carboxymethyl cellulose = High viscosity and soluble in water Ethyl Cellulose = Used for thin-film coatings Cellulose gum = Hypoallergenic thickener</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property is NOT associated with Acetate Compound Butyrate?

    <p>High biodegradability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carboxymethyl cellulose is used only in food products.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two common uses for Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)?

    <p>Thickener and stabilizer for emulsions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is enhanced by the presence of extractives in wood?

    <p>Durability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tyloses are beneficial for all applications of wood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are tyloses?

    <p>Foam-like or sac-like deposits found in vessels that can block pores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of extractives in certain types of wood can make them emit a __________ odor.

    <p>resinous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following wood characteristics with their effects:

    <p>Odor = Emits resinous odors Permeability = Impacts water resistance Durability = Enhances density and resistance Luster = Decreases shine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tree species is known for having abundant tyloses?

    <p>Yakal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Extractives block intercellular spaces, reducing permeability in wood.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do crystals in wood help with identification?

    <p>They provide unique characteristics useful for identifying wood families and genera.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Polymers and Monomers

    • Monomers are single molecules that can join to form complex polymers.
    • Polymers consist of many repeating monomer units and can be natural or synthetic.

    Cellulose

    • Most abundant organic molecule due to its presence in plant cell walls and slow decay.
    • Made of unbranched chains of β-D-glucose units connected by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds.
    • Insoluble in water; cannot be digested by humans due to inability to break down β-1,4-glycosidic bonds.

    Types of Sugars (Carbohydrates)

    • Monosaccharides: Single sugar molecules (e.g., Glucose, Fructose).
    • Disaccharides: Two sugar molecules linked (e.g., Sucrose, Maltose).
    • Polysaccharides: Long chains of monosaccharides (e.g., Cellulose, Starch).

    Alpha vs Beta Glucose

    • Alpha glucose: Hydroxyl groups on the same side.
    • Beta glucose: Hydroxyl groups on opposite sides.

    Formation and Structure of Cellulose

    • Synthesized at plasma membrane and organized into microfibrils.
    • Cellulose fibers are formed from combined microfibrils, each 5–12 mm wide and consisting of 20–40 chains.
    • Contains at least 500 β-D-glucose units linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds.

    Cellulose Reactions

    • Cellulolysis: Degradation of cellulose via hydrolysis, microbial decomposition, and heat.
    • Hydrolysis occurs primarily in acid-based solutions.

    Intermediate Units from Cellulose

    • Cellobiose: Two glucose molecules linked (e.g., Maltose).
    • Cellotriose: Three glucose molecules linked.
    • Cellotetraose: Four glucose molecules linked.

    Enzymatic Breakdown of Cellulose

    • Endocellulases: Break down the crystalline structure to amorphous strands.
    • Exocellulases: Hydrolyze chain ends to produce smaller sugars like cellobiose and cellotetraose.
    • β-glucosidases: Hydrolyze cellobiose and cellotetraose into glucose.

    Cellulose Derivatives

    • Acetate Compound: Derived from cellulose acetylation, allowing for solubility and versatility in applications like fiber production.
    • Propionate Compound: A cellulose ester substituted with acetyl and propionyl groups, known for excellent solubility and stability.
    • Butyrate Compound: A mixed ester with enhanced weather resistance and lower moisture absorption.
    • Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC): A water-soluble cellulose derivative used as a thickener in various industries.
    • Ethyl Cellulose (EC): Used primarily as a coating material for paper and pills, as well as a thickener.

    Extractives in Wood

    • Enhance odor, permeability, durability, and luster of wood.
    • Odor: Some woods emit pleasant scents due to extractives, useful in manufacturing specific products.
    • Permeability: Extractives can block intercellular spaces, affecting fluid permeability.
    • Durability: Increase wood density and resistance to moisture and destructive organisms.
    • Luster: Can diminish wood's natural shine.

    Tyloses

    • Foam-like deposits found within vessels of certain wood species.
    • Can block vessels, affecting wood uses; beneficial in whiskey barrel production in certain oak species.
    • Influence seasoning and preservation processes.

    Crystals in Wood

    • Valuable for wood identification, commonly found in axial parenchyma and ray cells.
    • Morphological changes in crystal-containing cells can aid in taxonomic classification.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on polymers, monomers, and the different types of carbohydrates including cellulose. This quiz will cover key concepts such as monomer structures, carbohydrate classifications, and the differences between alpha and beta glucose. Perfect for students studying organic chemistry!

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