Polymeric Implant Materials Chapter 4
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a synthetic suture material?

  • Nylon (correct)
  • Natural gut
  • Silk
  • Catgut

    • Catgut sutures are made from the intestines of sheep or goats.

    True

    What is one advantage of using synthetic sutures over natural ones?

    Lower levels of tissue interaction

    Nylon and Polyglactin are examples of __________ sutures.

    <p>synthetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following suture materials with their types:

    <p>Silk = Natural Nylon = Synthetic Catgut = Natural Polyglactin = Synthetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sutures is considered absorbable?

    <p>Polydioxanone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Silk sutures are fully absorbable and do not require removal after healing.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cutaneous wound?

    <p>A disruption of normal anatomic structure and function of the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polypropylene is a __________ suturing material known for its high plasticity.

    <p>synthetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the suture materials with their characteristics:

    <p>Silk = Natural, Non-absorbable, Superior handling Nylon = Synthetic, Non-absorbable, Excellent elasticity Polyglycolic acid = Synthetic, Absorbable, Degrades within 100 days Catgut = Natural, Absorbable, Degrades by enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which suture type is characterized by high tensile strength and excellent handling?

    <p>Nylon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-absorbable sutures can remain in wound tissue indefinitely.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one characteristic of braided sutures compared to monofilament sutures.

    <p>Braided sutures provide better handling and knot security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which suture type is made from a copolymer of lactide and glycolide?

    <p>Polyglactin-910</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polydioxanone sutures are known for their excellent knot security.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of catgut sutures?

    <p>Made from animal intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ sutures have a higher tissue reaction compared to synthetic sutures.

    <p>Natural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the suture material with its characteristics:

    <p>Polyglactin-910 = Initially strong &amp; then rapidly degrades Polyglycolic acid = Excellent knot security Polydioxanone = Soft, pliable Catgut = High levels of tissue reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sutures is commonly used for healing cutaneous wounds?

    <p>Polyglactin-910 and Polydioxanone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monofilament sutures are ideal for all types of tissue handling.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one disadvantage of Dexon sutures.

    <p>Stiff and difficult to handle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 4: Polymeric Implant Materials

    • This chapter covers polymeric materials used in implants, specifically focusing on sutures, vascular grafts, and stents.

    Sutures

    • Sutures are strands of material used to approximate tissues or ligate blood vessels during wound healing.
    • They're used to close wounds due to injury or surgery.
    • Sutures can be classified based on origin and absorption properties:
      • Natural origin: derived from sources like silkworms and intestines.
      • Synthetic origin: created through synthetic processes.
      • Absorbable: dissolve within the body over time.
      • Non-absorbable: remain in the body permanently.
    • Further classifications within synthetic sutures include:
      • Monofilament: single strand construction.
      • Braided: woven together.
      • Monofilamented braided: combination of both characteristics.

    Suture Types & Materials

    • Three major suture types: Monofilament, Braided, & Monofilamented Braided.

    • Monofilament:

      • Advantages: Easy to glide through tissues, Resist infection due to limited areas for microorganisms to colonize.
      • Disadvantages: Difficult to tie compared to braided types. Crimping can cause weakening.

    • Braided:

      • Advantages: Generally easier to tie and offers more flexibility and strength compared to monofilaments.
      • Disadvantages: Tend to absorb liquids, more prone to infection.

    • Monofilamented Braided:

      • Advantages: Combines advantages of both monofilament and braided sutures.
      • Disadvantages: Limited material choices. Can still contribute to potential infection.

    • Natural materials commonly used : silkworms, and extracted from intestines of sheep or goats (catgut).

    Suture Materials

    • Natural: Silkworm and Catgut. Catgut is extracted from the intestines of sheep or goats.
    • Synthetic: Common ones include Nylon, and Polyglactin. Synthetic materials are preferred due to reduced tissue interaction.
    • Absorbable: Catgut, Polyglycolic acid, Polyglactin, Polydioxanone are examples. These degrade within the body.
    • Non-Absorbable: Silk, Nylon & Polypropylene are examples. These remain in the body indefinitely.

    Vascular Grafts

    • Blood vessels (arteries and veins) carry blood.

    • Vascular disease refers to disorders affecting blood vessels.

      • Two common disorders are aneurysms and atherosclerosis.

    • Aneurysm: A bulge in a blood vessel due to weakness in the vessel wall. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) is a specific type of aneurysm in the aorta.

    • Atherosclerosis: Fatty deposits (plaque) build up in arteries leading to narrowing and potential blockage.

    Treatment Options

    • Bypass surgery using vascular grafts is a common treatment for both coronary artery and peripheral artery disease.

    Types of Vascular Grafts

    • Autografts: Use of patient's own tissue (e.g., vein).
    • Allografts: Use of donated tissue from another human.
    • Xenografts: Use of animal-derived tissue.
    • Synthetic grafts: Use of artificial materials like Dacron, ePTFE.
    • Tissue-engineered grafts: Use of engineered biomaterials.

    Stents

    • Metal mesh or polymer tube placed in blood vessels to clear plaque and maintain vessel patency in cases of cardiovascular disease.
    • Procedure for stent placement is called Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI).

    Drug-Eluting Stents

    • FDA approved stents coated with drugs to prevent tissue re-growth (restenosis) after treatment.

    Bioabsorbable Stents

    • Similar to metal stents but capable of degrading within the body, helping to lessen complications and simplify re-treatment if needed.

    Implant Design

    • Check list for implant design considerations:
      • Matching size to native vessels.
      • Biocompatibility (does not elicit negative immune response).
      • Low chemical reactivity.
      • Low thrombogenicity (minimizes clotting risk).
      • Sterility and no leaching (absence of harmful substances).
      • Flexibility to withstand deformation.
      • Ability to resist mechanical stresses (kinking, squashing, tearing).
      • Mechanical properties mirroring native vessels.

    Porosity

    • Larger pores are preferred in vascular graft materials, as they encourage tissue ingrowth resulting in a more stable and supportive integration for repair.

    Low Thrombogenicity

    • Synthetic graft materials can cause platelet adhesion and activation of fibrin in the coagulation cascade, potentially causing blockages in blood vessels.
    • Heparin-coated ePTFE allows diminished risk of clotting.

    Vendors

    • Several companies manufacture stents and grafts, such as Cook Medical, and Gore, among others.

    Synthetic Polymer Materials

    • Dacron: Common material with good structural properties.
    • ePTFE: Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene is utilized for its microporous structure suitable for fluid passage.
    • Modifications: Additives such as heparin can reduce thrombogenicity associated with certain materials and are beneficial in minimizing clotting risk.

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    Polymeric Implant Materials PDF

    Description

    Chapter 4 focuses on polymeric materials used in implants, such as sutures, vascular grafts, and stents. It discusses the different types of sutures based on their origin and absorption properties, including details on monofilament and braided classifications. This chapter is essential for understanding the applications and characteristics of polymeric materials in medical contexts.

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