Polymeric Electrolytes Advancements
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Questions and Answers

What occurs at the anode during the discharging reaction?

  • Lead atoms lose electrons to form lead ions. (correct)
  • Lead ions gain electrons to form lead atoms.
  • Sulfuric acid is formed from lead ions and sulfate ions.
  • Lead sulfate decomposes into lead and sulfate ions.

    • What is produced when lead ions react with sulfate ions at the anode?

  • Lead dioxide
  • Hydrogen ions
  • Water
  • Lead sulfate (correct)

    • Which of the following describes the overall reaction at the cathode?

  • Lead dioxide gains electrons and forms water. (correct)
  • Lead sulfate decomposes into hydrogen ions and oxygen.
  • Lead ions lose electrons to form lead sulfate.
  • Lead atoms combine with sulfate ions and water.

    • What is the overall discharging reaction in terms of the products formed?

    <p>Lead sulfate and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the concentration of sulfuric acid during discharge?

    <p>It decreases as water increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do hydrogen ions play in the cathode reaction?

    <p>They react with oxygen to form water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion reacts with lead ions at the cathode to form lead sulfate?

    <p>Sulfate ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many moles of lead sulfate are produced in the overall discharging reaction?

    <p>2 moles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of gel polymeric electrolytes compared to solid polymeric electrolytes?

    <p>Higher ionic conductivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs at the anode during a redox reaction?

    <p>Loss of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of solid polymeric electrolytes contributes to their safety?

    <p>They are non-flammable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the formula for cell potential, which term represents the internal resistance of the cell?

    <p>R cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disadvantage do gel polymeric electrolytes have compared to solid polymeric electrolytes?

    <p>Poor mechanical strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reaction that occurs at the cathode in a battery during discharge?

    <p>Reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key performance metric for batteries?

    <p>Electrolyte viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the standard potential in a redox reaction indicate?

    <p>The ability to accept or produce electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of excessive charging in lead-acid batteries?

    <p>Reduction in sulfuric acid levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which battery characteristic is specifically enhanced by using a composition of lead alloys?

    <p>Reduced water electrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which application is NOT commonly associated with lead-acid batteries?

    <p>Desktop computers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical voltage output of a standard car battery?

    <p>12 V</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What efficiency percentage is generally expected from lead-acid batteries during discharge?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of lead-acid batteries?

    <p>Sulfation when left partially charged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature allows modern lead-acid batteries to require no maintenance?

    <p>Gassing control and catalyst integration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason lead-acid batteries have a long service life?

    <p>Support up to 2000 recharge cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net charging reaction for a lead acid battery?

    <p>2PbSO₄ (s) + 2H₂O(l) → Pb(s) + PbO₂ (s) + 2H₂SO₄ (aq)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the generator in an automobile play concerning the lead acid battery?

    <p>It provides the energy necessary for recharging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the overcharging of a lead acid battery?

    <p>Hydrogen and oxygen gases are released during the process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates the operational condition of a lead acid battery?

    <p>The specific gravity of sulfuric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what applied voltage does the charging process of a lead acid battery typically occur?

    <p>Greater than 2V</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following occurs at the cathode during the charging cycle of a lead acid battery?

    <p>Electrode reduction converts lead sulfate into lead.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of the electrolysis of water during the overcharging of a lead acid battery?

    <p>Release of hydrogen and oxygen gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the lead acid battery's reversibility?

    <p>It permits the battery to store and release electrical energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What material primarily composes the anode in a lithium-ion battery?

    <p>Lithium-carbide intercalate (LixC6)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reaction occurs at the cathode during the discharge of a lithium-ion battery?

    <p>Cobalt is reduced from its IV to III oxidation state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the electrolyte serve in a lithium-ion battery?

    <p>To allow the migration of lithium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about lithium-ion batteries is true?

    <p>The anode during discharge becomes the cathode during charging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main safety feature of lithium-ion batteries?

    <p>The absence of lithium metal and use of intercalation compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the charging process of a lithium-ion battery, what happens to the lithium ions?

    <p>They migrate back into the graphite anode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the conductivity salts added to the electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries?

    <p>To allow for lithium ion mobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the composition of the cathode in a lithium-ion battery?

    <p>It is primarily made of cobalt dioxide (CoO2).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Polymeric Electrolytes

    • Fast Ion Transport: Low viscosity leads to high energy output.
    • Forms: Available as gel or solid.
    • Solid Polymeric Electrolytes:
      • Advantages: High flexibility, elevated energy density, multi-functional capabilities, good safety, thermal and mechanical stability.
      • Limitations: Low ionic conductivity at room temperature (10⁻⁵ to 10⁻¹ mS/cm).
    • Gel Polymeric Electrolytes:
      • Advantages: Higher ionic conductivity around 1 mS/cm, flexibility, chemical stability, multi-functional applications.
      • Limitations: Poor mechanical strength and interfacial properties.
    • Key Advantages of Solid Polymeric Electrolytes:
      • Prevents electrolyte leakage.
      • High safety as they are non-flammable and non-volatile.
      • Good thermal and mechanical stability.
      • Easy to fabricate with high power density and cyclability.

    Redox Reactions and Electron Transfer

    • Definition: Exchange of electrons between species, split into oxidation and reduction reactions.
    • Oxidation at Anode: Loss of electrons occurs here.
    • Reduction at Cathode: Gain of electrons happens at this site.
    • Operational Mechanism in Batteries:
      • During discharge, electrons produced at the anode move to the cathode through an external circuit, while ions travel via the electrolyte.

    Key Battery Performance Metrics

    • Cell Potential (Voltage):
      • Calculated using formula: E cell = (E C − E A ) − |η A − η C | − iR cell.
    • Charging Reactions:
      • Anode Reaction: Formation of lead (Pb) and sulfate ions.
      • Cathode Reaction: Formation of lead dioxide (PbO₂) and sulfuric acid.

    Key Features of the Lead Acid Battery

    • Nominal Voltage: Each cell provides approximately 2.1 V.
    • Reversibility: Rechargeable, suitable for electrical energy storage.
    • Charge Indicator: Sulfuric acid concentration indicates operational condition.
    • Usage in Vehicles: Common in automobiles for starting engines.

    Consequences of Overcharging

    • Discharge Reactions: Involves lead and sulfate ions forming lead sulfate.
    • Overcharging Effects:
      • Reduction of sulfuric acid levels can damage electrode grids.
      • High-pressure build-up increases explosion risk.

    Maintenance-Free Batteries

    • Gassing Control: Specific lead alloy compositions inhibit water electrolysis.
    • Catalyst Integration: Modern designs use catalysts to recombine gases, preventing water loss.

    Applications of Lead Acid Batteries

    • Automotive Use: Primarily for engine starting (SLI).
    • Industrial Applications: Electric trucks, submarines, and backup power for essential facilities.
    • Consumer Use: Emergency lighting, alarm systems, and tools.

    Advantages of Lead Acid Batteries

    • Voltage Efficiency: About 80% efficiency during discharge vs charge.
    • Long Service Life: Can endure 300 to 1500 recharge cycles, with some sealed versions up to 2000 cycles.
    • High Current Capability: Able to provide over 10 A without damage.

    Disadvantages of Lead Acid Batteries

    • Sulfation Risk: Partially charged batteries can develop large, hard-to-reduce PbSO₄ crystals.

    Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Battery Overview

    • Revolutionary Impact: Transformed portable electronics, increasingly used in electric vehicles and grid storage.
    • Composition: Anode made of lithium-carbide intercalate and cathode from transition metal oxides.
    • Electrolyte: Often inert polar dry ethers with conductivity salts like LiPF6.

    Working Principle of Lithium-Ion Batteries

    • During charging, lithium ions intercalate into the graphite anode; during discharge, they migrate back to the cathode.
    • Ensures safety as no metallic lithium is present, emphasizing a reduced risk of reaction.

    Advantages of Li-Ion Batteries

    • Enhanced safety mechanisms prevent hazardous reactions associated with lithium metal.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the advantages and limitations of polymeric electrolytes, including both solid and gel forms. Understand the unique properties that contribute to their effectiveness in energy applications, such as flexibility and energy density, alongside challenges like ionic conductivity. Test your knowledge on the future of energy storage technologies.

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