41 Questions
Who discovered the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in 1983?
Kary Mullis
What is the primary purpose of PCR?
To amplify DNA templates
What is the maximum length of DNA segments that can be amplified using PCR?
1000 bp
What is the function of primers in PCR?
To hybridize to the DNA template
What is the temperature used in the denaturation step of PCR?
95°C
How many steps are involved in a PCR cycle?
3
What is the purpose of the elongation step in PCR?
To synthesize DNA
How many cycles are typically performed in a PCR reaction?
25-35
What is the basis of separation of macromolecules in gel electrophoresis?
Size or charge
Why do DNA molecules move towards the positively charged electrode in an electric field?
They are negatively charged
What happens to smaller DNA fragments during gel electrophoresis?
They migrate quickly
How are DNA fragments visualized after gel electrophoresis?
Under UV light with a fluorescent dye
What is the purpose of the power supply in gel electrophoresis?
To provide an electric field
What is the direction of movement of DNA fragments during gel electrophoresis?
From negative to positive electrode
What is the function of the buffer solution in gel electrophoresis?
To maintain the pH of the gel
What determines the migration rate of DNA fragments during gel electrophoresis?
Size of the fragment
What is the first step in cloning DNA?
Cleave the DNA to be cloned with a restriction enzyme
What is the purpose of using a restriction enzyme?
To cut both the plasmid and foreign DNA with complementary sticky ends
What happens when the DNA fragments and cut plasmids are mixed?
They bind together by their sticky ends and link to form recombinant DNA molecules
What is the result of each bacterial cell division?
The plasmid is replicated, producing many copies of the foreign DNA
What is the purpose of selecting cells that contain chimeric plasmids?
To obtain large cultures of cells
What is the final product of gene cloning?
Protein
What is the role of DNA ligase in gene cloning?
To bind the DNA fragments and cut plasmids together
What is the purpose of growing cells under certain conditions?
To allow expression of the cloned gene
What is the purpose of using restriction enzymes in DNA analysis?
To cut the DNA into smaller fragments
What is the function of the buffer in the Southern blotting process?
To transfer the DNA fragments to the filter
What is the purpose of X-ray film in autoradiography?
To visualize the DNA fragments
What is the purpose of the labeled probe in Southern blotting?
To hybridize with the target DNA sequence
What is the result of the gel electrophoresis process?
The DNA fragments are separated by size
What is the purpose of PCR in clinical or forensic testing procedures?
To detect the presence of tumour cells
What is the advantage of using PCR in DNA analysis?
It can amplify specific segments of DNA from a very small sample
What is the application of PCR in diagnosing diseases?
Diagnosis of many inherited diseases
What is the detection capability of PCR in forensic testing?
It can detect the very early stages of pathogenic microorganisms or viruses infection
What is molecular diagnosis?
The process of identifying a disease by studying molecules such as proteins, DNA, and RNA
What is restriction analysis?
A process of cutting DNA molecules into smaller pieces with special enzymes
What are restriction endonucleases?
Bacterial enzymes that cut and recognize double-stranded DNA
What is the purpose of restriction analysis?
To cut DNA molecules into smaller pieces
What is the result of restriction analysis?
Either sticky or blunt ends
What are restriction sites?
Specific sequences recognized by restriction endonucleases
What is the typical length of restriction sites?
4-6 bp
What is the purpose of DNA sequencing?
To analyze DNA at the molecular level
This quiz covers the basics of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), a laboratory technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences. It was discovered by Kary Mullis in 1983 and is used to produce large copies of DNA from small templates. Learn about the components and thermal protocols required for PCR.
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