10-L1

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Who discovered the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in 1983?

Francis Crick

James Watson

Kary Mullis (correct)

Rosalind Franklin

What is the primary purpose of PCR?

To synthesize proteins

To amplify DNA templates (correct)

To sequence DNA

To mutate DNA

What is the maximum length of DNA segments that can be amplified using PCR?

100 bp

5000 bp

1000 bp (correct)

10000 bp

What is the function of primers in PCR?

To hybridize to the DNA template Signup and view all the answers

What is the temperature used in the denaturation step of PCR?

95°C Signup and view all the answers

How many steps are involved in a PCR cycle?

3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the elongation step in PCR?

To synthesize DNA Signup and view all the answers

How many cycles are typically performed in a PCR reaction?

25-35 Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis of separation of macromolecules in gel electrophoresis?

Size or charge Signup and view all the answers

Why do DNA molecules move towards the positively charged electrode in an electric field?

They are negatively charged Signup and view all the answers

What happens to smaller DNA fragments during gel electrophoresis?

They migrate quickly Signup and view all the answers

How are DNA fragments visualized after gel electrophoresis?

Under UV light with a fluorescent dye Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the power supply in gel electrophoresis?

To provide an electric field Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of movement of DNA fragments during gel electrophoresis?

From negative to positive electrode Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the buffer solution in gel electrophoresis?

To maintain the pH of the gel Signup and view all the answers

What determines the migration rate of DNA fragments during gel electrophoresis?

Size of the fragment Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in cloning DNA?

Cleave the DNA to be cloned with a restriction enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a restriction enzyme?

To cut both the plasmid and foreign DNA with complementary sticky ends Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the DNA fragments and cut plasmids are mixed?

They bind together by their sticky ends and link to form recombinant DNA molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of each bacterial cell division?

The plasmid is replicated, producing many copies of the foreign DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of selecting cells that contain chimeric plasmids?

To obtain large cultures of cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the final product of gene cloning?

Protein Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of DNA ligase in gene cloning?

To bind the DNA fragments and cut plasmids together Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of growing cells under certain conditions?

To allow expression of the cloned gene Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using restriction enzymes in DNA analysis?

To cut the DNA into smaller fragments Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the buffer in the Southern blotting process?

To transfer the DNA fragments to the filter Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of X-ray film in autoradiography?

To visualize the DNA fragments Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the labeled probe in Southern blotting?

To hybridize with the target DNA sequence Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the gel electrophoresis process?

The DNA fragments are separated by size Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of PCR in clinical or forensic testing procedures?

To detect the presence of tumour cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using PCR in DNA analysis?

It can amplify specific segments of DNA from a very small sample Signup and view all the answers

What is the application of PCR in diagnosing diseases?

Diagnosis of many inherited diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is the detection capability of PCR in forensic testing?

It can detect the very early stages of pathogenic microorganisms or viruses infection Signup and view all the answers

What is molecular diagnosis?

The process of identifying a disease by studying molecules such as proteins, DNA, and RNA Signup and view all the answers

What is restriction analysis?

A process of cutting DNA molecules into smaller pieces with special enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What are restriction endonucleases?

Bacterial enzymes that cut and recognize double-stranded DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of restriction analysis?

To cut DNA molecules into smaller pieces Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of restriction analysis?

Either sticky or blunt ends Signup and view all the answers

What are restriction sites?

Specific sequences recognized by restriction endonucleases Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical length of restriction sites?

4-6 bp Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of DNA sequencing?

To analyze DNA at the molecular level Signup and view all the answers